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REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 1 Introduction. 1. What are the differences between a mineral and a rock? REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 2 Introduction. 2. What do we use minerals and rocks for? REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 3 Introduction. 3. What is an opencast mine? REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 4 Introduction. 4. What does the Earth look like inside? REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 5 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. The earth can be divided into four layers: the geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. 1.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH. ACCRETION OF PLANETESIMALS. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 6 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Core Mantle Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Crust REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 7 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. CRUST: is the thin layer or rocks that covers the Earth´s surface above the mantle. Its depth varies between 5 km and 70 km. There are two types of crust: Continental crust is the layer of rocks which forms the continents, the shallow areas of the oceans (continental shelf) and some islands. Its thickness varies between 10 km (Atlantic continental shelves) and more than 70 km (below the great mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Andes). Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust, between 5-8 Km, but it is denser than the continental crust. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 8 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. •The Mohorovicic discontinuity: marks the boundary between the crust and the mantle. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 9 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. MANTLE: it is believed that the mantle was formed when primitive Earth started to cool down. The mantle has two areas of different density: the density of the upper is smaller than the density of the lower mantle. It is made up of denser rocks like peridotite and magnesium. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 10 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. •The Gutenberg discontinuity: marks the boundary between the mantle and the core. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 11 1. THE EARTH. ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. CORE: the most abundant element in the Earth´s core is probably iron. For this reason, the Earth behaves like an enormous magnet. But other substances are also believed to be inside the Earth, such as nickel and sulphur. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 12 REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 13 Activities 3. PAGE 47. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 14 Introduction. 1. MINERALS. Minerals have the following features: They are inorganic solids: they are not formed by living things. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 15 1. MINERALS. Introduction. Minerals have the following features: They occur naturally, they don´t contain artificial matter. They have definitive chemical compositions, Some mineral have one single chemical element (gold…) but most are compounds REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 16 Introduction. 1. MINERALS. Minerals have the following features: They have a crystalline structure: the atoms and molecules that compose the solid have a specific pattern. Crystallisation is a very slow process. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 17 Activities 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. PAGE 48. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 18 Introduction. 2.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: HARDNESS: resistance to scratching or abrasion. To find out the hardness of a mineral, we use the MOHS SCALE. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 19 Introduction. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: LUSTRE: how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Lustre can be metallic or non-metallic. Non-metallic lustre can be VITREOUS (the mineral looks like broken glass): REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 20 Introduction. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: LUSTRE: how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Lustre can be metallic or non-metallic. Non-metallic lustre can be PEARLY (the mineral changes colour according to the light): REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 21 Introduction. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: LUSTRE: how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Lustre can be metallic or non-metallic. Non-metallic lustre can be GREASY (the mineral looks like oil on water): REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 22 Introduction. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: COLOUR: some minerals can be easily identified as they are always the same colour, but others, such as quartz, can be different colours. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 23 Introduction. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: STREAK: the colour of the mineral in powder form. This is constant in each mineral. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 24 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: TRANSPARENCY: the amount of light able to pass through a mineral. A mineral can be transparent, translucent or opaque. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 25 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: CLEAVAGE: the ability of a mineral to break along planes of weakness: this produce regular fragments. Mica breaks into thin sheets, so it has basal cleavage. Galena breaks into cubes, so it has cubic cleavage. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 26 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. The properties of minerals help us to identify them. The most important ones are: MAGNETISM: some minerals attract magnets. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 27 Activities 12, 13. PAGE 50. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 28 2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS. Many minerals give us useful materials. Minerals that contain enough of a metal or compound to be extracted in a profitable way are called ores. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 29 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS. Other minerals, such as gypsum, form the materials used to make useful substances. Gypsum is used for many different things and is abundant in the Earth´s crust. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 30 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS. Minerals are also used to make paint and pigments. From example ochre comes from haematite. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 31 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS. GEMS or PRECIOUS STONES are not very common minerals. They are valuable because of their colour, rarity and beauty. They are used to make jewels. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 32 4. THE EARTH´S INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS. NOBLE METALS, such as gold, silver and platinum are used in jewellery. They are soft and easy to work with. Platinum is very valuable because it is very rare and doesn´t degrade over time. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 33 Activities 15, 16 PAGE 51. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 34 3. ROCKS. Most rocks are made of mixture of minerals. Some rocks are made of only one mineral, like limestone, gypsum or halite. They are called unconsolidated rocks. Other rocks, like granite, are made of combination of different minerals: these are called consolidated rocks. Some rocks, such as coal, aren´t made of minerals but of the remains of living thing. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 35 2.1 TYPES ROCKS. Rocks are classified according to their: ORIGIN, how they were formed: sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. STRUCTURE: the properties that we can see. TEXTURE: the position, size and crystal arrangement of their component minerals. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 36 Igneous rock. The temperature inside the Earth is extremely high, so rocks there, melt and mix with water and gases to form a hot thick substance called magma. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 37 Igneous rock. When magma cools down, it solidifies and forms igneous rocks. If magma cools down slowly inside the Earth, it forms intrusive igneous rocks, such as granite. If magma, in the form of lava, comes to the Earth´s surface when a volcano erupts and then cools down quickly, it forms extrusive igneous rocks. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 38 Igneous rock. INTRUNSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 39 Igneous rock. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 40 Activities 20 PAGE 53. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 41 Sedimentary rock. Geological agents erode the rocks on the Earth´s surface. Water and wind carry the eroded pieces of rock (sediments) to the lowest areas of land and to the ocean floor into sedimentary basins. (1) Due to the weight of the material that accumulates on top of them, sediments combine with the water in the ground and form sedimentary rocks. COMPACTION (2) AND CEMENTATION (3) REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 42 Activities 21, 22 PAGE 54. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 43 Metamorphic rock. Any rock can be transformed into a different type of rocks if subjected to high pressure or high temperature. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 44 Metamorphic rock. Any rock can be transformed into a different type of rocks if subjected to high pressure or high temperature. Metamorphic refers to the process that changes the composition and appearance of rocks. It is usually occurs inside the Earth. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 45 Metamorphic rock. Metamorphic usually have a specific texture called foliation: the minerals are arranged in bands; this occurs in slate and shale. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 46 Metamorphic rock. Other metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite are non-foliated rocks. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 47 Activities 24 PAGE 56. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 48 4 THE USE OF ROCKS. Rocks are mined to extract the minerals they contain or are used directly to make building materials or as ornamental objects. •USE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Conglomerate: produces gravel, which is extracted and used to make concrete. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 49 2.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS. Rocks are mined to extract the minerals they contain or are used directly to make building materials or as ornamental objects. •USE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Sandstone: produces sand, which is extracted and used to make concrete. Very pure sand is used to make glass. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 50 Activities 28, 29, 30 PAGE 58. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 51 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. Human have always used the rocks and minerals on the Earth´s surface for different purposes. The mining of an area depends on: The potential financial benefits. What type of rock is needed. How easy it is to reach the rocks and mine them. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 52 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. MINERAL MINING. There are two basic methods of mining: UNDERGROUND MINING takes place deep in the subsoil. It is used to extract minerals from below the surface of the ground. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 53 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. There are two basic methods of mining: OPEN-PIT MINING takes place in an open pit. It is used to extract minerals that are near the surface. Enormous holes are dug into the surface of the land. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 54 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. ROCK MINING. Rocks are usually mined in open-cast mines, quarries or sometimes in underground mines. There are also other methods of extracting rocks: GRAVEL PITS produce gravel. Gravel is not strictly a rock, but a sediment. It is found near riverbeds. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 55 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. ROCK MINING. Rocks are usually mined in open-cast mines, quarries or sometimes in underground mines. There are also other methods of extracting rocks: OIL DRILLING is used to extract oil. This takes place either on land or on floating platforms in the sea. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 56 5. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS. ROCK MINING. Rocks are usually mined in open-cast mines, quarries or sometimes in underground mines. There are also other methods of extracting rocks: DRILLING is also used to extract soluble rocks, such as halite. Water is injected to dissolve the rock and pump it to the surface. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 57 Activities 31, 32. PAGE 59. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 58 FINAL TASK. REALIZADO POR JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO 59