Download bio : fetal pig dissection guide

Name __________________________________ Date _______________________ Period ______
BIO : FETAL PIG DISSECTION GUIDE
As we study organ systems we will be using the fetal pig as a comparative model for human anatomy and physiology.
This unit also serves as a summative review of many of the biological concepts and themes covered in the course.
Background: Mammals are vertebrates having hair on their body and mammary glands to nourish their young. The majority
are placental mammals in which the developing young, or fetus, grows inside the female's uterus while attached to a
membrane called the placenta. The placenta is the source of food and oxygen for the fetus, and it also serves to get rid of fetal
wastes. The dissection of the fetal pig in the laboratory is important because pigs and humans have the same level of metabolism
and the pig has similar organs and organ systems. Also, fetal pigs are a byproduct of the pork food industry so they aren't raised
for dissection purposes.
Lab Objectives:
• Identify important external structures of the fetal pig.
• Identify major structures associated with a fetal pig's digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urogenital, nervous systems.
Materials:
Preserved fetal pig, dissecting pan, dissecting tools, string, metric ruler, rags.
During this unit you will be evaluated on…
• Performance on anatomy identification quizzes
• Conduct and participation for dissection labs
• Physiology labs
• Unit Test covering anatomy (structures) and physiology (functions)
• Lab Practicum—stations with pigs for identifying structure, function, etc.
Structures to know for assessments are underlined and in bold print throughout the lab procedure.
Disclaimer: (Must be signed for credit of this assignment.) The purpose of doing the fetal pig dissection is to provide for you a
greater understanding of how the mammalian, and more specifically, the human body functions. It is very important that all
dissection labs be conducted in a professional manner. My signing below, you acknowledge your responsibilities in the lab during
the dissection procedures. Furthermore, your signature serves as a promise that you will follow all written and verbal instructions
from the teacher, refrain from disruptive or potentially dangerous behavior, adequately maintain and clean the lab space, and treat
the specimens with care and respect.
_________________________________________
Student Signature
_________________________________________
Printed Name
1 Day 1 - External Anatomy
1.
2.
Obtain a fetal pig and a dissecting pan then rinse off the excess preservative by holding it under running water. Lay the
pig on its side in the dissecting pan and locate dorsal, ventral & lateral surfaces. Also locate the anterior and
posterior ends.
A fetal pig has not been born yet, but its approximate age since conception can be estimated by measuring its length.
Measure your pig's length from the tip of its snout to the base of its tail and record this on your hand-in. Use the
length/age chart below to determine the age of your fetal pig & record this.
Cm
In
Approximate age (days)
1.1
.433
21
1.7
.669
35
2.8
1.01
49
4.0
1.57
56
22.0
8.66
100
30.0
+
11.8
Full term 112-115
3. Examine the pig's head. Locate the eyelids and the external ears or pinnae. Find the external nostrils on the snout called
nares. Note whether eyelashes are present or not.
4. Study the pig's appendages and examine the pig's toes on the hoof. Count and record the number of toes.
5. Locate the umbilical cord. With scissors, cut across the cord about 1 cm from the body. Examine the 3 openings in the
umbilical cord. The largest is the umbilical vein, which carries blood from the placenta to the fetus. The two smaller openings
are the umbilical arteries, which carry blood from the fetus to the placenta.
6. Lift the pig's tail to find the anus. Study the ventral surface of the pig and note the tiny bumps called mammary papillae
(nipples). These are present in both sexes. In the female, these structures connect to the mammary glands, which make milk.
7. Determine the sex of your pig by locating the urogenital opening through which liquid wastes and reproductive cells pass. In
the male, the opening is on the ventral surface of the pig just posterior to the umbilical cord. In the female, the opening is
posterior and ventral to the anus (two openings for the female and one for males). Record the sex of your pig.
8. Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage container.
Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table. MAKE
SURE YOUR AREA--INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS--ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
2 External Anatomy Study Guide
1. Label the following: anus, umbilical cord, mammary papillae, hoof, eyelid, pinna, snout
A.
D.
F.
B.
E.
G.
C.
2.
Fetal pig length in cm: ______
3.
Based on your measurements, what is the age of your pig? __________
4.
Number of toes: _______
5.
Number of mammary papillary: ________
6.
Sex of fetal pig: __________
7.
What are the pinnae? _________________
8.
What is the most obvious feature that identified this specimen as a fetus?
9.
Label the following positions: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral
3 10. Pigs are in the Class Mammalia. List the 8 taxonomic groupings from broadest to most specific and circle all of the taxa
that pigs and humans have in common with each other.
a. ___________________
e. ___________________
b. ___________________
f.
c.
___________________
g. ___________________
d. ___________________
h. ___________________
___________________
11. Circle the correct answers:
a. Which is posterior — the tail or the head?
b. Which is lateral — the ears or the vertebral column?
c. Which is more proximal to the hip — the ankle or the knee?
d. Which is more distal to the chin — the thorax or the abdomen?
e. Which is ventral — the vertebral column or the mammary glands?
f. Which is anterior - the eyes or the umbilical cord?
12. Describe the difference between chemical digestion and physical (mechanical) digestion.
13. Circle the all of the characteristics that apply to humans and pigs, which are part of the animal kingdom.
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Multi-cellular
Mobile
14. Describe the difference between chemical digestion and physical (mechanical) digestion.
15. Pigs belong to the genus, Sus and there are 10 different species. Beginning with the term “species” complete the list
of terms in the hierarchy of biological organization in order from most specific to broadest.
SPECIESP________________ COMMUNITY E_________________ BIOMEB_______________
16. Trace the movement of food through the alimentary canal. List the role of each digestive system organ that it passes
through.
4 Day 2 – The Digestive System
Part A: Oral Cavity
1. Retrieve your fetal pig from the storage container for your class and your tray then rinse off the excess preservative by
holding it under running water.
2. Place the fetal pig ventral side up in the dissecting tray.
3. Tie a string securely around a front limb. Run the string under the tray, pull it tight, and tie it to the other front limb. Repeat
this procedure with the hind limbs to keep your pig stable.
4. With bone scissors, make a 3-cm incision in each corner of the pig's mouth. Your incision should extend posteriorly through
the jaw. BE CAREFUL WHILE CUTTING!!!
5. Spread the jaws open and examine the tongue.
6. Observe the palate on the roof of the mouth. The anterior part of the palate is the hard palate, while the posterior part is
the soft palate. Pushing the tongue against the hard palate helps the pig to swallow. In humans, there is a small piece of
soft tissue dangling down from the soft palate called the uvula. It helps keep food from going the wrong way and singers
credit the uvula with letting them produce a vibrato, a wavy up-and-down sound.
7. Locate the epiglottis, a cone-shaped structure at the back of the mouth. This structure closes off the opening to the trachea
to prevent food from entering the windpipe. Above the epiglottis, find the round opening of the nasopharynx. This cavity
carries air from the nostrils to the trachea, a large tube in the thoracic cavity, which supplies air to the lungs.
8. The glottis is the opening to the windpipe, which leads to the lungs. These are structures that we will examine again in our
dissection of the respiratory system. Locate the glottis in your pig. Examine the tongue and note tiny projections called
sensory papillae.
9. Examine the teeth of the pig. Canine teeth are longer for tearing food, while incisors are shorter and used for biting. Pigs are
omnivores, eating plants and animals.
10. Label the drawing of the inside of the pig's mouth.
11. Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage
container. Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table.
MAKE SURE YOUR AREA--INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS--ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
5 Oral Cavity Study Guide
1. Label the following: Hard palate, soft palate, tongue, nasopharynx, epiglottis, teeth and glottis.
A.___________________
A
B
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
C
D. ___________________
E. ___________________
D Area
E Opening
F. ___________________
G. ___________________
F Flap
G
2. Compare the structures in the oral cavity of the fetal pig to the diagram below showing the oral cavity for humans.
Label the following structures: lips, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, teeth, tonsils
3. What is the function of the epiglottis?
6 4. What is the difference between the hard and soft palate?
5. Using your class notes, describe the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion.
6. Which type(s) of digestion occur in the oral cavity?
7. The oral cavity is home to many different species of bacteria. These bacteria are part of the “normal flora” found on
surfaces of the human body. How are bacterial (prokaryotic) cells different from eukaryotic cells?
8. The bacteria that are part of normal healthy human physiology utilize the resources of humans for survival (nutrients,
habitat, etc.). Humans benefit as the bacteria prevent other possibly harmful bacteria from colonizing these surfaces.
This relationship is an example of m__________________ because both the human and bacteria benefit. (hint: type of
biotic relationship)
9. Sometimes harmful bacteria populations are established in the mouth and cause an infection. This would be an
example of which type of relationship? p___________________________
10. Saliva, which is released into the oral cavity to soften food for digestion, contains enzymes. One of the enzymes,
salivary amylase, breaks down starch. Enzymes are an example of which biomolecule(Carbohydrates-LipidsProteins-Nucleic Acids)? What do enzymes do to reactions?
11. Starches are an example of which biomolecule? (Carbohydrates-Lipids-Proteins-Nucleic Acids)
12. What are the functions of carbohydrates and proteins in living things?
7 Day 3 – The Digestive System
Part B: Abdominal Cavity
1. Place the fetal pig ventral side up in the dissecting tray.
2. Tie a string securely around a front limb. Run the string under the tray, pull it tight, and tie it to the other front limb.
Repeat this procedure with the hind limbs to hold the legs apart so you can examine internal structures.
3. Study the diagram below. The dashed lines numbered 1-5 show the first set of incisions that you will make. To find the
exact location for the incision marked 2, press along the thorax with your fingers to find the lower edge of the ribs. This
is where you will make incision 2.
4. With scissors, make the incisions in order, beginning with 1. Be sure to keep the tips of your scissors pointed
upward because a deep cut will destroy the organs below. Also, remember to cut away from yourself.
5. After you have made your incisions through the body wall, you will see the peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that lines
the body cavity. Cut through the peritoneum along the incision lines.
6. Spread the flaps of the body wall apart. Cut the umbilical vein, which extends through the liver.
7. Once the vein is cut, carefully pull the flap of skin, including the end of the umbilical cord between the hind legs. You
are now able to see the organs of the abdominal cavity.
8 8. Locate the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. Find the largest,
most obvious structure in the abdominal cavity, the brownish-colored liver.
9. Between the lobes of the liver, find the small, greenish-brown gall bladder. Locate the hepatic duct, which carries bile
from the liver to the gall bladder.
10. Food moves down the esophagus by muscular contractions after being softened by saliva in the mouth and enters the
stomach. Locate the soft, sac-like stomach beneath the liver.
11. With scissors, cut along the outer curve of the stomach. Open the stomach and note the texture of its inner walls.
These ridges inside the stomach are called rugae and increase the area for the release of digestive enzymes. The
stomach may not be empty because fetal pigs swallow amniotic fluid.
12. The pig has a digestive system, which is classified as monogastric or nonruminant. Humans also have this type of
digestive system. They have one stomach (mono=one, gastric=stomach). Locate the entrance to the stomach or
esophageal area, the cardiac region, which is largest, and the pyloric region where the stomach narrows to join to the
small intestine.
13. At the end of the stomach, there is a sphincter, or ring-shaped muscle, to control food leaving the stomach and
entering the duodenum. Locate the cardiac sphincter at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, and the pyloric
sphincter at the junction of the stomach and small intestine. Fetal pigs receive their nourishment from their mother
through the umbilical cord.
14. Identify the first part of the small intestine, the U-shaped duodenum, which connects to the lower end of the stomach.
Pancreatic juice, made by the pancreas, and bile, made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, are add to food here
to continue digestion.
15. Locate the thin, white pancreas beneath the stomach and duodenum. Pancreatic juice (with enzymes for digestion)
flows through pancreatic ducts to the duodenum.
16. Find the spleen, a long, reddish-brown organ wrapped around the stomach. The spleen filters out old red blood cells
and produces new ones for the fetus. It is part of the lymphatic & circulatory systems
17. Study the rest of the small intestine. Notice that it is a coiled, narrow tube, held together by tissue called mesentery.
The soupy, partly digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called chyme.
18. With scissors, remove a 3-cm piece of the lower small intestine. Cut it open and rinse it out.
19. Observe the inner surface of the small intestine. Run your finger along it and note its texture. This is villi, the tiny
projections that line the small intestine and increase the surface area for absorption.
20. Follow the small intestine until it reaches the wider, looped large intestine. At the junction of the large and small
intestine, locate a blind pouch called the caecum. The caecum has no known function in the pig but is very similar to a
structure in humans called the appendix.
21. Notice that the large intestine leads into the rectum, a tube that runs posteriorly along the dorsal body wall. Waste
leaves the rectum through the anus.
22. Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage
container. Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table.
MAKE SURE YOUR AREA--INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS--ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
9 Abdominal Cavity Study Guide
1. Use the letters on the diagram to identify the name of the structures shown
_______ stomach
_______ liver (3 letters)
_______ anus
_______ mesentery
_______ large intestine (colon)
_______ pancreas
_______ gall bladder
_______ duodenum
_______ esophagus
_______ spleen
___J___ jejunum (small intestine)
___I___ ileum (small intestine)
_______ rectum
_______ hepatic duct
2. We need to eat in order to get energy for the processes that keep us alive. The sum of all of the chemical reactions
that take place in our bodies to supply us with this energy is defined as M____________________________
3. Why is the diaphragm important?
10 4. Compare the diagram of the fetal pig digestive system on the previous page to the diagram shown below of the human.
Using the word bank below, identify the labeled structures. Write the terms on the lines provided.
Word Bank:
•
Appendix
•
Anus
•
Salivary glands
•
Esophagus
•
Liver
•
Small intestine
•
Stomach
•
Rectum
•
Tongue
•
Gall bladder
•
Oral Cavity (Mouth)
•
Pancreas
•
Large intestine
•
Epiglottis
5. Our large intestines house several species of bacteria (gut flora), which help us break down certain components in the
foods we eat. What do you think may happen if a “non-native” (foreign) bacteria species is introduced into the bacteria
populations that are normal in the intestines? Why?
11 6. The digestive system breaks down the food organisms consume to eventually provide an energy source for them.
Draw arrows between the organisms listed below to create a possible food web for this ecosystem.
human
chicken
corn plant
cow (beef)
pig (pork)
wheat plant
soil bacteria
mushroom
7. Which organisms in the above food web would be decomposers? Which would be producers?
8. When humans eat corn, they receive ______% of the energy available. What happens to the remaining percentage of
energy?
9. The liver produces bile, which is stored and released from the gall bladder to break down fats. Fats are an example of
which type of organic biomolecule? (Carbohydrates-Lipids-Proteins-Nucleic Acids)
10. Identify the organ (or structure) of the digestive system with its function:
a.
_____________________________ Opening (valve) between stomach and small intestine.
b. _____________________________ Stores bile, lies underneath the liver.
c.
_____________________________ A branch of the large intestine, a dead end.
d. _____________________________ Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity; aids breathing.
e. _____________________________ Membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine.
f.
_____________________________ The straight part of the small intestine just after the stomach.
g. _____________________________ The last stretch of the large intestine before it exits at the anus.
h. _____________________________ Bumpy structure under the stomach; makes insulin
12 Day 4 – The Respiratory & Circulatory Systems
1. Examine the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle that stretches across the abdominal cavity and separates it from the thoracic
cavity where the lungs are located. The diaphragm isn't used by the fetal pig because gas exchange occurs through the
umbilical cord. The diaphragm in adult pigs moves up and down changing air pressure in the chest cavity causing air to
move into and out of the lungs.
2. In order to see the upper part of the respiratory system, you will need to extend cut #1 up under the pig's throat and make to
more lateral incisions in order to fold back the flaps of shin covering the throat.
3. In the thoracic cavity, carefully separate the pericardium or sac surrounding the heart and the diaphragm from the body wall.
4. Locate the two, spongy lungs that surround the heart. The tissue that covers and protects the lungs is called pleura. The
lungs haven't been used by the fetus so they have never contained air.
5. Find the trachea, a large air tube that lies anterior to the lungs. The trachea is easy to identify because of the cartilaginous
rings that help keep it form collapsing as the animal inhales and exhales.
6. Notice that the trachea branches into each lung. These two tubes are called bronchial tubes. Inside the lungs these branch
into smaller bronchioles that end with a grape-like cluster of air sacs or alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged with capillaries.
7. Lying ventral to the trachea or windpipe, locate the pinkish-brown, V-shaped structure called the thyroid gland. This gland
secretes hormones that control metabolism.
8. At the top, anterior end of the trachea, find the hard, light-colored larynx or voice box. This organ contains the vocal cords
that enable the animal to produce sound.
9. Locate the epiglottis at the top of the trachea. This flap of skin closes over the trachea whenever you swallow. Find the area
called the pharynx at the back of the nasal cavity. Air enters an adult pig through the mouth or nose before passing through
the pharynx and down the trachea to the lungs.
10. Locate the heart. It is covered by a thin tissue called the pericardium. Remove this membrane to study the heart.
11. Pigs, like all mammals, have four-chambered hearts. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, while the left side
of the heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body. Locate the right and left sides of the heart.
12. Each side of the heart has an upper and a lower chamber. Upper chambers are called atria and receive blood. The right
atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The lower
chambers are called ventricles and pump blood out of the heart. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Locate the right and left atria and ventricles.
13. Notice that the surface of the heart is covered with blood vessels. These are part of the coronary circulation, a set of arteries
and veins whose only job is to nourish the heart tissue. Locate the coronary artery, the most visible one. Blockage in these
vessels causes heart attacks.
14. Anterior to the heart, locate another large vein that enters the right atrium. This vein, the anterior (superior) vena cava,
brings blood to the right atrium from the anterior part of the body.
15. Now lift the heart to view its dorsal surface. Observe the posterior (inferior) vena cava that carries blood from the posterior
part of the body and empties it into the right atrium.
16. Find the pulmonary artery, which leaves the right ventricle. After birth, this vessel carries blood to the lungs. However, in a
fetus, a shunt called the ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs and go directly to the aorta, the largest
artery of the body.
13 17. Locate the pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium. After birth, these vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
18. Identify the aorta, a large artery that transports blood from the left ventricle. The arteries that carry blood throughout the
body branch off of the aorta.
19. You may view one of the hearts at the front to see the interior chambers of the heart.
20. Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage
container. Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table.
MAKE SURE YOUR AREA INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
Thoracic Cavity Study Guide
1. Compare human and pig respiratory systems by
labeling the diagrams below.
Word Bank: trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, lungs, soft
palate, tongue
A
B
C
D
E
F
14 Word Bank: bronchi (twice), nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx,
trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, diaphragm, oral cavity, lung
1
2
3
4
5 Right
6
7
8
9 Left
10
11
2. The process where gases are moving in and out of the alveoli from the blood stream due to the differences in
concentration is called d_____________________________.
3. The process mentioned above is a type of p_______________________ transport and does not require energy.
4. Cell membranes surrounding our red blood cells allow oxygen in the lungs to move into our blood cells because the
concentration of oxygen in the lungs is (higher or lower) than in the blood.
5. When blood circulates near the tissues it is delivering oxygen to, the oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues
because the concentration of oxygen if (higher or lower) than in the blood.
6. The diagram to the right shows the location of the heart and lungs. The
circulatory and respiratory systems are very closely related. Explain how
they both are important in maintaining homeostasis 15 7. Label parts of the heart using the following terms: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, coronary artery,
superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, inferior vena cava
A ___________________________
B ___________________________
G C ___________________________
D ___________________________
E ___________________________
F ___________________________
G ___________________________
H ___________________________
I ____________________________
8. Blood types are inherited as a result of multiple alleles. List the 4 blood types and the possible genotypes for each.
a. Type _____ : _____________________________
b. Type _____ : _____________________________
c.
Type _____ : _____________________________
d. Type _____ : _____________________________
9. Is it possible for two parents with type A blood to have children with type O blood? Explain.
10. Trace the pathway of a drop of blood through the circulatory system. Put number 1 by superior vena cava and
continue numbering until you have followed a drop of blood back to the vena cava.
Superior Vena Cava
_____
Pulmonary Vein _____
Right Ventricle
_____
Aorta
_____
Left Ventricle
_____
Right Atrium
_____
Pulmonary Artery
_____
Left Atrium
_____
16 11. What is the function of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?
12. What is the function of the epiglottis?
Why is it important?
13. Alveoli in the lungs are connected to the bronchi by a network of tiny tubes called
14. The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the
.
15. When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax, what type of breathing is occurring?
16. Describe the difference between arteries and veins.
17. Match the following structures with their function. Print using CAPITAL letters. Circle the letters of the structures
where oxygenated blood is present.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
pulmonary artery
left atrium
right atrium
superior vena cava
aorta
F.
G.
H.
I.
pulmonary vein
left ventricle
right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Chamber that receives blood from the body
Blood vessel that transports blood from the lower body to the heart
Blood vessel that transports blood from the heart to the lungs
Blood vessel that transports blood from the head and chest to the heart
Chamber that pumps blood to the lungs
Largest artery; pumps blood to the body
Chamber that receives blood from the lungs
Blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs back to the heart
Chamber that pumps blood to the body
17 Day 5 – The Urinary System
1.
Move the digestive organs to one side to study the excretory and reproductive organs that make up the urogenital
system.
2.
Locate the large, bean-shaped kidneys lying against the dorsal body wall. Notice that they are covered by the
peritoneum. Kidneys filter wastes from blood.
3.
The aorta brings blood filled with nitrogen containing urea to the renal arteries. The blood enters the kidneys through
the renal arteries.
4.
While in the kidneys, the blood is filtered by microscopic structures called nephrons. We will not be able to see the
nephrons in this lab. Water and urea are in high concentration in the blood brought to the nephrons. The extra water
and the urea diffuse from the high concentration in the blood into the lower area of concentration in the nephron. In
this manner we say the blood has been filtered. After the blood is cleaned it is ready to return to the body to pick up
more cell wastes.
5.
The renal vein carries clean blood out of the kidney back to the posterior vena cava. The posterior vena cava takes the
blood back to the heart which pumps the clean blood out to the body to pick up more wastes.
6.
Find the ureters, tubes that extend from the kidneys to the bag-like urinary bladder. The urinary bladder lies between
the umbilical arteries and temporarily stores liquid wastes filtered from the blood.
7.
Lift the urinary bladder to find the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. Follow the urethra to the
urogenital opening on the outside of the pig's body.
8.
Make sure that incision #6 extends all the way to the anus but be careful to not cut too deep and damage the internal
organs.
9.
Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage
container. Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table.
MAKE SURE YOUR AREA INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
18 Urinary System Study Guide
1. Where is waste stored until it is removed from the body? _____________________
2. What system brings waste to the kidney? ________________________
3. What is the name of the large artery that brings blood to the kidney? __________________
4. What is the name of the small artery that branches to the kidney? ________________________
5. What is the tube that carries urine to the bladder? ______________________
6. Trace a drop of blood with nitrogen containing waste from the cell.
_____cell
_____vena cava
_____renal vein
_____renal artery
_____aorta
_____kidney
7. Label the following structures on the diagram below: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
8. The urine is now going to the kidney. Use numbers to trace the flow of urine out of the body.
_____kidney
_____urethra
_____ureter
_____bladder
19 Day 6 – Reproductive System
Male System
1. In the male pig, locate the two scrotal sacs at the posterior end of the pig. If the pig is in the later stages of development, you will
find a testis in each sac. If the pig is in an early stage of development, the oval-shaped testes will be in the abdominal cavity.
These testes have not yet descended into the scrotal sacs.
2. On each testis, find the coiled epididymis. Sperm cells produced in the testis pass through the epididymis and into a tube called
the vas deferens. This tube crosses over a ureter and enters the urethra.
3. Follow the urethra to the penis, a muscular tube lying just below the skin posterior to the umbilical cord. In mammals, the penis is
the organ that transfers sperm.
Female System
4. In the female pig, find the two bean-shaped ovaries at the posterior end of the abdominal cavity. Observe the coiled oviduct
(fallopian tubes)attached to each ovary, which carries eggs from the ovary.
5. Follow the Fallopian tube to the uterus. The uterus is dorsal to the urinary bladder and the urethra.
6. Trace the uterus to a muscular tube called the vagina. The vagina will appear as a continuation of the uterus. Sperm from the male
are deposited into this organ during mating. The vagina and the urethra open into a common area called the urogenital sinus. This
cavity opens to the outside at the urogenital opening.
7. Clean Up: Place pigs in plastic bag with your names labeled on the outside. Place them in the appropriate storage container.
Rinse and hang your dissecting pan. DO NOT RINSE PIG PARTS INTO THE SINK! Clean your lab table. MAKE SURE YOUR
AREA INCLUDING FLOOR, TABLE AND CHAIRS ARE CLEAN BEFORE LEAVING!
20 Reproductive System Study Guide
1. Label the following structures in the fetal pig diagrams below: kidneys, ureters, bladder, ovaries, testes, penis,
Fallopian tubes, vagina, vas deferens
Circle:
Male or Female
F
Circle:
Male or Female
F
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