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OceansSustainability Unit& MarineMammalsasEcosystemSentinels Scientistswhostudyclimate changeconsidervariousfactors andenvironmentalvariablesin ordertoassessthenatureand degreeofchangescorrelated withachangingclimate. Physicalgeographersand chemicaloceanographers studychangesinocean temperatures,increasing amountsofcarbondioxidein seawater,risingsealevelsand otherphysicalparameterswhen assessingclimatechange. Figure1.Graywhaleapproachesfishingpangatointeractwithhumans. Image:SanIgnacioLagoon,BajaCalifornia,2006,MichelleKinzel. Biologistsandecologistsexaminethebehaviorpatternsandresponsesoforganismsandsearch forpossiblelinkagesorcorrelationstoclimatechangeparameters.Foreachofthesixexamples below,youaretoidentifytheevidenceprovidedforeachstudy,aswellasdeterminethe interpretationofferedthatexplainshowtheevidenceisrelatedtopotentialclimatechange. Theevidenceispresentedasexamplesofchangesinthedistributionorbehaviorofgray whales,andtheinterpretationisahypothesisorpossibleexplanationofhowtheseobserved changesrelatetoclimatechange.Thegraywhaleisthusconsideredtobeamajorindicatorof environmentalchangesintheecosystemandcanbelabeledasanecosystemsentinel. Scientistssearchforlinkagesbetweengraywhalebehaviorsandclimatechangevariablesin oceansystems. Figure2.Graywhalespyhoppingtoviewsurroundingarea.Image:MichelleKinzel,2006. 1 OceansSustainability Unit& Figure3.Graywhaleglobaldistribution,showinghigherlatitudefeedinggroundsandlowerlatitudebreeding groundsalongthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica.ImageCredit:"Cypron-RangeEschrichtiusrobustus"byOwn work.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0viaWikimediaCommons. Foreachofthefourstudiesyouareprovided,youneedtoidentifytheexampleofchangein distributionorbehaviorofthegraywhales.Thesechangesrepresentthefactsorobservations. Thenusetheinformationprovidedwiththatexampletodeterminethescientificinterpretation relatedtothewhales’change,notinghowtheobservationsorfactscouldbeattributed changesintheatmosphere,biosphere,andhydrosphere. ScientificStudy1)Between1967and1999,scientistsmonitoringthemigratorymovementsof whalesattwolocationsalongthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica,GraniteCanyonandPoint Vicente,observeda6–8daydelayinthesouthboundmigrationofthegraywhalepopulation. TheoverallmediansightingdateshiftedfromJan.8before1980toJan.15after1980.Thisshift inmigrationcoincideswiththeNorthPacific“regimeshift”thatoccurredinthe1970s.Aregime shiftisdescribedasa“majorreorganizationofbiotainthePacificNorthwest”andisdirectly relatedtothePacificDecadalOscillation.Thewatertemperatureitselfdoesnotinfluencethe 2 OceansSustainability Unit& whales,butduetofeedbackloopsinthesystem,thechangesinthehydrosphereareaffecting thepreyavailabilityanddelayingthejourneysouthformanywhalesinthepopulation. Figure4.ThePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)isalong-termoceanfluctuationofthePacificOceanwith coolandwarmphasesoscillatedevery20–30years. Image:CreativeCommonsPermission, https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/science/elninopdo/pdo/ ScientificStudy2)Graywhalesexhibited responsesinbehaviortotheextremesofwarmEl NinoandcoolerLaNinaoceanicconditionsin theirsouthernrange.Inthebreedinggrounds, therewasadeclineinthepresenceofmother-calf pairsbyhalfandadelayinpeakoccupancy followingthewarmElNinoof1997–1998inSan IgnacioLagoon,BajaCalifornia.Thisalterationof behaviorwasrelatedtothechangeinprey availabilityforpregnantgraywhalesduringtheEl Ninoyear.Withreducedamountsofprey availablecausedbythewarmerElNinowaters, thefemalegraywhalesproducedfewercalves andtooklongertoreachthebirthinglagoons (delayinpeakoccupancy).Thisincreasein Figure5.GraywhalemigratoryroutealongthePacificCoastofNorth America.MapCreatedbyMichelleKinzel,2007. 3 OceansSustainability Unit& temperatureandincreaseinpreycreatesaresponseinthegraywhales,anexampleofa positivefeedbackloop. Figure6.ElNinoisadisruptionoftheocean-atmospheresystemwhichcausesoceantemperaturesto increasebyafewdegrees.ImageCredit:JPL,http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/imagepolicy/,CreativeCommons Licensed. ScientificStudy3)In1999and2000,graywhaleswererecordedfeedingyear-roundinwaters offshoreofKodiakIsland,Alaska.Duringthistime,increasingnumbersofwhaleswerefound feedinginareastraditionallyconsideredmigratinggrounds,aresponsetolackofpreyinthe higherlatitudesthatresultedfromtheElNino.Thislackoftraditionalpreyitems,benthic invertebrates,causedthegraywhalestoshifttheirprimarypreyandtheirmainfeeding locations.Becauseofchangesinthebiosphere,thegraywhaleswerefoundinnon-traditional feedingareas. ScientificStudy4)Themostsurprisingandlastexampleofevidenceofashiftinthegray whales’behaviorcamefromrecordingsofwhalecallsintheBeaufortSea,locatednorthof Alaska,inthewinterof2003–2004.Seaiceconditionsasnotedfromanalysisofsatellite imageryfoundicecrackslargeenoughtoprovidebreathingholesforgraywhalesduringwinter conditions.ThisprovidedevidencethatthegraywhalescouldpotentiallyoverwinterinArctic conditions,astheywererespondingtothereductioninseaice.Thechangeinthehydrosphere, orreductioninseaice,elicitedadirectbehavioralresponseinthegraywhales’behavior. 4 OceansSustainability Unit& Figure7.Lifecycleofgraywhaleandmigratorymovementsrepresentedinmapformatandinatimeline.Image byMichelleKinzel,2015. Allscientificstudiescitedfromthefollowingjournalarticle: Moore,S.E.2008.“MarineMammalsAsEcosystemSentinels.”JournalofMarineMammalogy. 89(3)534-540. MarineMammalsasEcosystemSentinels—Pre-ActivityWorksheets 1)Readthesummaryarticle“GrayWhalesAsEcosystemSentinels”byMichelleKinzel,2015. 2)Completethefollowingchartbasedontheinformationprovidedinthearticleyoureadfor Step1.Forhomework,youonlyneedtocompleteallsectionsofthischart. Tipsforcompletingthechart: • ScientificStudy:Summarizetheinformationforeachstationnumberbyprovidinga shorttitle-likenameforthescientificstudy. ! Examplesmightinclude“FeedinginJuly,”“CalfProduction,”etc. 5 OceansSustainability Unit& • Observation/Facts:Readthearticleandlistanythingthatcanbecategorizedasan observationorfact.Lookforexampleswithdatareferences,summariesofthingsseen orrecordedandexamplesofscientificevidence. ! SeeExamplebelowrelatedtoClimateChange • InterpretationofObservation:Theseareoftenreferredtoasahypothesisandofferan explanationfortheobservationsandfacts.Thesearealsofactual,butcoverabigger picturesummaryoroverarchingdescriptionoftheinformationpresented.Keywords thatindicateastatementisaninterpretationcouldinclude“coincidedwith,”“attributed to,”“relatedto,”etc. • ! SeeExamplebelowrelatedtoClimateChange LifeCycleMostAffected:Determinefromthesummaryprovidedwhichlifecycleis affected,migration,feedingorbreeding/calving. ExampleofScientificStudy,ObservationsandInterpretation.Usethisexample tounderstandhowtoidentifyobservations,factsandinterpretthem. Figure7.Climatechangestudyexamplesshowingeffectsonecosystemsandspecies. 6 OceansSustainability Unit& ScientificStudy:ClimateChangeinOceansAffectingPolarBears Facts:1)Oceantemperatureshaveincreased. 2)Reflectiveicedisappears,anddarkerwatersabsorbmoreheat. 3)Arcticseaicemeltsastemperaturesriseinhydrosphereandatmosphere. 4)ewerpolarbearcubsaresurviving. InterpretationofObservation:Thereducedpolarbearcubsurvivalisattributedtofood shortagescausedbyreductioninhabitatfrommeltingseaice.Thisisanexampleofanegative feedbackloop. Question:Howdochangesinthephysicalenvironmentaffectthebiology(reproductive success)ofpolarbearsintheArctic? 7 OceansSustainability Unit& Table1.Completethistablebasedoninformationfromthearticle. Scientific Study/Station Number 1 2 LifeCycle Most InterpretationofObservation/Causal Affected; Factors Feeding, (Scientificreasonrelatedtoclimate Migration change) or Breeding Observation/Facts 8 OceansSustainability Unit& Scientific Study/Station Number 3 4 LifeCycle ofGray Whale InterpretationofObservation/Causal Most Factors Affected; (Scientificreasonrelatedtoclimate Feeding, change) Migration or Breeding Observation/Facts Question:Whatphysical(hydrosphericoratmospheric)/environmentalandbiologicalfactors affectgraywhales? 9 OceansSustainability Unit& Question:Howdothesefactorsaffectthebehaviorofthegraywhale?Arethesedirector indirectinfluences? 3)Labelthefollowingmapwithscientificstudynumbers.Usethearticle“MarineMammalsAs EcosystemsSentinels”todeterminewhichgeographiclocationcorrelateswithwhichscientific study,1–4.Placethenumberofthescientificstudyonthemapinthetextboxofthecorrect geographiclocation. Figure8.RangeofeasternNorthPacificgraywhales,depictingcoastalstudysitesfromwintering/breedingareas offshoreofMexico,summering/feedingareasextendingfromthePacificNorthwesttoAlaska.MapImageCreated byMichelleKinzel,GoogleEarth,2015. 10