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Lecture Notes: Rise and Spread of Islam Ch. 10 Section 1: The Rise of Islam Map 261: Know Arabian Peninsula Mecca Medina Damascus Baghdad Cordoba Mecca c. 600 ce: trade center pilgrimage center 360 idols in Kaʼaba monotheist Jews and Christians lived among Arabs there Kaʼaba: sacred black stone associated with Abraham and Ishmael Mohammad born 570 little education worked caravans at 25, a businessman; married 40-year-old Khadija 610: at age 40, received message from angel Gabriel “recite!” (“Qurʼan” = “recitation”) was from Abrahamʼs god, Allah Qurʼan holy book of Islam Muhammad “last of prophets” Jewish Old Testament had prophets Christian New Testament had prophets Allah the “one true god” All others false “Islam” = “submit” / “obey” sim. to Judaism: legalistic; cf. Abraham almost sacrificing Isaac to obey God “Muslim” = “person who submits / obeys” Preaches monotheism in Mecca elites oppose this “radical” bad for pilgrimage business cf. Jesus attacking Jewish temple 622: Hejira “hejira” = “flight” = “running away” Muhammad flees to Medina Unites Muslims and Jews there, politically a just politician Attracts converts Raises army 630: Conquest of Mecca brings 10,000 troops Meccans surrender without resisting Destroys “idols” Imposes monotheism establishes “Call to prayer” 5 x a day Meccans join umma = Muslim religious community 632: Muhammad dies Beliefs and Practices: One god = Allah Good and evil are knowable: Manicheanism = black/white morality c/c with Chinese Yin-Yang Free will Heaven, Hell, Judgment Day Five Pillars of Islam: Confession of Faith: “I believe there is no god but God (Allah), and Muhammad is his messenger.” c/c to Christian creed: “I believe that Jesus died for my sins.” Prayer 5 x a day Alms: charity: A religious tax to help the poor, widows, orphans Fasting: Ramadan: one month, no food from dawn to dusk Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a life Mosque: Muslim house of worship No pork or alcohol Friday is sabbath No priests Ulama = “scholars,” like Christian theologians Qurʼan: sacred scripture Arabic: holy language c/c Latin as unifying force as religion spreads Sunna: model of ethical goodness based on the life of Muhammad Shariʼa: Muslim holy law: covers family, business, and community life Relationship to Judaism and Christianity: Allah is the same god of Abraham Jesus is not God, but is a respected prophet Qurʼan is “divine revelation” like Mosesʼ Torah and Christian Gospels Qurʼan “perfects” these earlier messages from Allah Muhammad is the final prophet Tolerates the “People of the Book”: Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians Section 2: Islam Expands Succession Problem Muhammad named no successor Bedouin tribal solution is used: elders elect successor Abu-Bakr “Caliph” = “successor” 632-61 The Four “Rightly Guided Caliphs” see map, p. 261 (first 30 years after Muhammad): Abu-Bakr: unifies Arabia Umar: conquers Syria and Lower Egypt, some of Persia Uthman and Ali: more of N. Africa, the rest of Persia Massive expansion and conquest in a mere 3 decades by 750, from Spain to Indus River Why so easy? Religious faith and zeal: “Weʼre conquering because Allah helps us.” Weak neighboring empires: Byzantine and Sassanid (Persian) Empires exhausted by fighting each other for centuries Power vacuum cf. Peloponnesian War and Philip of Macedon Islam more attractive than Byzantine Christianity and Persian Zoroastrianism tolerant: no forced conversion offered hope in this world, not just the next Shariʼa law offers equality and justice and social welfare in this life, plus Heaven after death tax relief if you convert “People of the Book” -- Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians (monotheists) -- could work government jobs 661: Crisis: Sunni-Shia Split The third “Rightly-Guided Caliph,” Uthman, is assassinated Ali becomes forth “Rightly Guided Caliph,” because heʼs Muhammadʼs cousin and son-in-law (has Muhammadʼs blood) heʼs assassinated by Ummayad family Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 move capital from Mecca to Damascus, Syria become luxurious spark rebellion Sunni: one who accepted Umayyad succession “Sunna” = Caliphs only need to live like Muhammad lived Shiʼite: one who rejected Umayyad succession Caliphs should be in Muhammadʼs bloodline Sunni-Shiʼite split still exists today US invasion of Iraq caused Sunni-Shiʼite Civil War there Iran is Shiʼite, most of N. Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East are Sunni Sufi minor third group: reject politics, embrace poverty search for mystical union with Allah Abassids overthrow Umayyads Abassid Caliphate: 750-1258 Muslim Golden Age Capital in Baghdad (one Umayyad prince escapes to Spain to start Spanish Umayyad Caliphate there) Achievements: Government: Strong bureaucracy treasury army diplomatic Economics banks letters of credit “sakk” = “check” Trade Network Seas: Mediterranean to Indian Ocean Land: from Chinese and Indian Silk Road to Europe and Africa Muslim Cities at Height of Abbasid Caliphate: 1000 c.e. Cordoba, Spain: 200,000 population Paris: 38,000 Cairo, Egypt Damascus, Syria Baghdad, Iraq: 900,000 population Rome: 50,000 Cultural flowering Section 3: Muslim Culture Abbasid Baghdad along with Tang Chinaʼs capital in Changʼan, the most civilized city on earth Social Classes Top: native Muslims 2nd: Muslim converts 3rd: “People of the Book” Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Lowest: Slaves Prisoners of war servants or forced soldiers Status of Women: “Men are the managers of the affairs of women.” -- Qurʼan BUT Shariʼa gives women legal rights in marriage, property, family more rights than women in Christian Europe, Hindu India, or China BUT A man can repeat “I divorce thee” three times and itʼs done. Rights and duties: All: raise children Poor: farm with husband Wealthy: education public office writing and scholarship Later: rights will shrink all women required to wear veils, etc (change over time) Views on Knowledge and Science Open: Practical causes “How do I navigate this ship to India?” “Where is Mecca?” “When is Ramadan?” “Whatʼs the best cure?” Religious causes Muhammad praises study in the Qurʼan Muslim Scholarship and Culture House of Wisdom: Baghdad, beginning in 800s Saved European knowledge from Christian Dark Age collected books from Greece, India, Persia translated them into Arabic Cordoba, Spain also has a House of Wisdom Jews, Christians, Muslims all scholars working together tolerant Literature 1001 Nights (a.k.a. Arabian Nights) Persian and Indian folk-tales added to by Arabs Art and Architecture Calligraphy Allah bans images of living things (only He can create them) Artists turn writing and geometry into art Architecture Grand Mosque of Damascus built on top of Byzantine Christian church Al-Hambra, Spain: masterpiece of architecture Medicine Persian Al-Razi creates Encyclopedia of Greek, Syrian, Arabic, Indian medicine Math and Science Muslims improved Greek science laboratory experiment, not logic, is proof seeds of modern scientific method Greeks didnʼt experiment “Al-Jabr” Algebra: from India Arabs wrote textbook Optics led to invention of lenses for telescopes and microscopes