Download NUTRITIONAL INTEREST OF CHEESE FAT A lot of new datas

NUTRITIONAL INTEREST OF CHEESE FAT
A lot of new datas
METABOLISM AND FUNCTIONS OF
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Pr. Philippe LEGRAND
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine
AGROCAMPUS - INRA, Rennes, FRANCE
Montreal, August 2011
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- We make them
- We eat them
- Metabolism
- Important specific functions
- Problems with CVD and MS biomarkers
Saturated fatty acids
« We do synthesize them» : (human, animals, plants…)
Sugars, starch, alcohol……….
synthesis
Palmitic acid
16:0
elongation
Stearic acid
18:0
In addition,mammary gland synthesizes the short and middle chain saturates
(C4-C10), plus lauric (C12) and myristic acid (C14)
Sugars, starch…..
Mammary gland
C4
C6
C8
C10
C12
C14
Palmitic acid
16:0
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- We make them
- We eat them
- Metabolism
- Important specific functions
- Problems with CVD and MS biomarkers
CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE
Lipids (g/day)
Lipids (%Energy)
Saturated Fatty Acids (%En)
AET : Apport énergétique total
Source: INCA 2
Men
Women
Total
103,0
81,6
91,8
38,8
39,8
39,3
15,9
15,9
15,8
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- We make them
- We eat them
- Metabolism
- Important specific functions
- Problems with CVD and MS biomarkers
Comparative absorption of saturated fatty acids
Intestine
Long chain fatty acids
Circulation
Lymph
Chylomicrons
Adipose
Muscle
STORAGE
Liver
Short and middle chain
fatty acids
Portal vein
CATABOLISM
(b-oxidation)
Myristic / Palmitic acid metabolism
Secretion
C14:0
HEPATOCYTE
Uptake
Incorporation into lipids
b-oxidation
C14:0
Elongation
Desaturation
Biosynthesis
Acylation of proteins (myristoylation)
Gene regulation ?
Rioux et al. (2000) , Rioux et al. (2002), Legrand et al. (2002), Rioux et al. (2003), Jan et al. (2004),
Rioux et al. (2005), Rioux et al. (2006), Rioux et al. (2007), Rioux et al. (2008),
METABOLISM
Ø Short and middle chain SFA have a specific and « safe » metabolism,
Ø Myristic acid and palmitic acid have not the same metabolic fate in
the cell :
Ø Myristic acid is rapidly b-oxidized, weakly secreted in the form of TGVLDL, but strongly elongated into palmitic acid. No accumulation !
Ø Palmitic acid is stored and secreted in the form of TG, weakly
elongated into stearic acid. Also main product of de novo
lipogenesis, palmitic acid accumulates in the cell !
Ø Stearic acid is less synthesized (than palmitic), actively desaturated
into oleic acid. No accumulation !
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- We make them
- We eat them
- Metabolism
- Important specific functions
- Problems with CVD and MS biomarkers
Saturated fatty acids functions
(in addition to energetical function)
C4
butyric
C6
caproïc
C8
caprylic
- Inhibition of tumor proliferation in vivo and in vitro
- Induction of apoptosis
- Less fat deposition
- Colon and smooth muscle cells
- C8 ê VLDL secretion (inhibition of apo B synthesis)
- Hypocholesterolemic effect (C8, C10)
- Antiviral role
C10 capric
C12 lauric
- Specific acylation of proteins
C14 myristic
- Activation of conversion from C18:3 n-3 towards EPA + DHA
C16 palmitic
- Activation of sphingolipids synthesis
C18 stearic
C20 arachidic
C22 behenic
C24 lignoceric
Saturated fatty acids functions
(in addition to energetical function)
C4
butyric
C6
caproïc
C8
caprylic
C10 capric
C12 lauric
C14 myristic
C16 palmitic
C18 stearic
- Componant of sphingolipids
- 1« /non
» acylation
some: structural
proteins role
3 ofspecific
phospholipids
fattyofacids
-- Active
desaturation
to oleic acid
Low elongation
et b-oxidation
C20 arachidic
C22 behenic
C24 lignoceric
- Nervous structure (myelinisation)
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- We make them
- We eat them
- Metabolism
- Important specific functions
- Problems with CVD and MS biomarkers
Saturated fatty acids functions
Problems ?
C4
butyric
C6
caproïc
C8
caprylic
- No problem with the CVD risk !
C10 capric
C12 lauric
C14 myristic
C16 palmitic
C18 stearic
C20 arachidic
C22 behenic
C24 lignoceric
Problem with the CVD risk :
Deleterious effects …. in case of excess
Accumulation of palmitic acid : endogenous + exogenous origins
- No problem with the CVD risk !
Saturated fatty acids and health
At the beginning : association with CHD risk
Keys 1966, Kato 1973
But : ecological studies (7 countries study)
NEVER CONFIRMED BY COHORT STUDIES
Then
Epidemiological studies (cohorts)
Association between SFA and CVD risk :
Neutral
Garcia 1980
Gillman 1997
Shekelle 1981
Mc Gee 1984
Mozzafarian 2004
Kushi 1985
Esrey 1996
Jakobsen 2009
Posner 1991
Boniface 2002
Yamagashi 2009
Ascherio 1996
Jakobsen 2004
Jakobsen 2010 (MI)
Pietinen 1997
Xu 2006
Tucke 2005
Leosdottir 2007
Meta-analysis (Siri-Tarino 2010) : 21 cohorts
”Overall, despite the conventional wisdom that reduced dietary saturated fat
intake is beneficial for CVD health, there is no significant evidence for concluding
that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD”
For dairy products specifically, see works by Elwood et al : no risk association
More
Recent Intervention studies on SFA
Lipgene study : a european randomized dietary intervention study on SFA
No effect of reducing SFA (16% to 8%) on parameters of metabolic syndrome
(insulin sensitivity, blood pressure), inflammation, LDL-C…
Diets including dairy products (full-fat vs low-fat), 12 weeks.
Tierney et al, 2011
The RISK trial : replacement of SFAs by MUFAs or Carbohydrates
No favorable effects on insulin sensitivity, reduction of TC/HDL-C ratio
No dairy products included inthe intervention
Jebb et al, 2010
Dairy products study : beneficial effects of dairy products ?
No effect (but no adverse effect !!), except positive effect on waist
circumference despite higher energy intake (related to the presence of short
chain FA ?)
Diets with 3-5 portions of dairy products (cheese), 6 months
Wennersberg et al, 2009
Which saturated fatty acids ?
Stearic acid (C18:0)
§ Neutral on cholesterolemia
Yu 1995, Kelly 2001, Mensink 2005, Huster 2010 (review)
§ Neutral on arterial diameter
Mozzafarian 2004
§ Not thrombogenic
Sanders 2001, Tholstrup 2003, Thijssen 2005
NO PROBLEM
Which saturated fatty acids ?
Short and middle chain fatty acids(C4- C10)
Cholesterolemia
§ Non hypercholesterolemic
Keys 1957
Hashi 1960 (lowering effect)
Hegsted 1965
Keys 1965
Wardlaw 1995 (RCT), 6% energy C8-C10
Temme 1997 (RCT), 10% energy C6-C8-C10 (myristic, oleic)
§ Hypercholesterolemic
Mc Candy 1970
Swift 1992
32% energy C8 - C10
Cater 1997
53% fat, 43% sat !
Tholstrup 2004
45% fat, 70% sat !
CHD risk : NO RISK
Hu et al., 1999 (Nurse Health Study)
Body weight, Fat mass, Waist circumference, TG : Favorable or neutral
Tsuji 2001, Nosaka 2003, Kasai 2003, St Onge 2003, Zhang 2010,
CONCLUSION, Take Home Messages
No reason for considering SFA “en bloc” anymore,
- in term of structure and metabolism,
- in term of functions
- in term of deleterious effect as well.
CONCLUSION, Take Home Messages
No reason for considering SFA “en bloc” anymore, in term
of structure and metabolism, in term of functions and in term
of deleterious effect as well.
- Need of more precise epidemiological studies (different
saturated fatty acids, dose-effects approach, controls…) for
evaluating the levels and sources where C12, C14, C16 FA
are deleterious
- Time for “up to date” recommendations without caricatural
old statements of toxicity or eviction……..
……….. So, we did it in France throw the
recommandations of the food safety agency (ANSES)
Adequate Intake (ANC :Apport Nutritionnel Conseillé)
Values expressed in % of total energy intake except for DHA and EPA (in mg)
for an adult (at 2000 kcal/day)
MINIMAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REQUIREMENT
ANC
30
35 - 40
C18:2 n-6
2
4
C18:3 n-3
0,8
1
DHA (C22:6 n-3)
250 mg
250 mg
EPA (C20:5 n-3)
-
250 mg
Lauric acid (C12:0) +
Myristic acid (C14:0) +
Palmitic acid (C16:0)
-
≤8
Total saturated fatty acids
-
≤ 12
Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9)
-
15 - 20
Other non essential fatty acids
-
-
Total lipids
Essential FA
Non essential FA
DAIRY SFAs / other sources of
SFAs
- Dairy products account for 34% total SFA (only !!!) (France)
- SFA from dairy sources have an interesting composition (13% short
and middle chain)
- SFA from plant origin have a poor composition (long chain)
- SFA from plant origin are less « visible » and cheaper
- The health concern is the excess of C12, C14, C16
COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF SFA
Dairy SFAs
« plant SFAs »
( from palm oil mainly)
C4
butyric
C6
caproic
C8
caprylic
13-15 %
C10 capric
C12 lauric
3,5 %
C14 myristic
10 %
C16 palmitic
23-32 %
46-62 %*.... *
C18 stéaric
13 %
6 %.... *
SFA qualitative value
+++
SFA content :
52-70%
---*
52……100%
* Worst if hydrogenation
CONCLUSION FOR DAIRY SOURCES OF SFA
IF THE TOTAL SFA INTAKE SHOULD BE REDUCED, OR MORE SERIOUSLY IF THE
ATHEROGENIC (when in excess) SFA SHOULD BE REDUCED
THEN :
1) CONSIDER THE DAIRY / PLANT ORIGIN OF SFA.
2) DAIRY PRODUCTS ARE NOT THE GOOD TARGET QUALITATIVELY
3) DAIRY PRODUCTS ARE NOT THE UNIC TARGET QUANTITATIVELY
Thanks for your attention