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Name______________________________________ CHAPTER 180 points 18 Volcanism SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes In your textbook, read about the anatomy of a volcano and volcanic material. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Date Class period 3. In your textbook, read about types of volcanoes. 10-25 Identify the type or types of volcano being described as shield volcano, cinder-cone volcano, or composite volcano. volcano. 25 points 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth’s crust called a a. vent. b. crater. c. caldera. d. volcano 10._________________ 11.________________ 12._______________ 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a a. magma chamber. b. vent. c. crater. d. sill. _______________13. Forms when small pieces of magma are ejected 3. Broad, gently sloping volcanoes with quiet eruptions are called a. composite volcanoes. b. cinder cones. c. hot spots. d. shield volcanoes. _______________14. Has broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly 4. The most explosive volcanoes are a. hot spots. c. b. composite volcanoes. d. _______________15. Forms when layers of basaltic lava accumulate 5. Most volcanoes form a. at hot spots. b. at plate boundaries. cinder cones. sheild volcanoes. c. in the middle of continents. d. in the center of ocean plates. b. pyroclastic flow c. caldera circular base during a nonexplosive eruption 6. Which of the following forms when the top or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber? a. dike into the air then fall back to Earth and pile up around a vent d. vent 7. ________ form(s) where plates move apart. a. Hot sports c. Subuction zones b. Divergent volcanism d. Convergent volcanism 8. When magma reaches Earth’s surface, it is called a. a vent. b. a pyroclastic flow c. lava. d. calderas. 9. Volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with a. subduction zones. c. ocean ridges. b. divergent boundaries. d. hot spots _______________16. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is an example. _______________17. Small volcano with steep sides _______________18. Forms when layers of tephra alternate with lava _______________19. Forms from lava that contains relatively small amounts of gases and silica _______________20. Forms from lava that is higher in water and silica content than lava that forms shield volcanoes _______________21. Fueled by magma that contains large amounts of silica, water, and gases _______________22. Magma that fuels this type of volcano contains large volumes of gases but not silica and water. _______________23. Potentially the most dangerous to humans and most destructive to the environment _______________24. Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are examples. Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 1 Name______________________________________ SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes, continued 25 points Date Class period Reviewing Vocabulary In your textbook, read about where volcanoes occur. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. Hawaiian Islands crust divergent flood basalts hot spots Iceland mantle volcanoes plateau ocean ridges Circum-Pacific Belt western convergent Most of the world’s volcanoes form along (25) ___________ plate boundaries. Slabs of oceanic crust descend into the ______________ and melt. The magma that forms is forced upward through the overlying plate and forms (27) ______ when it reaches Earth’s surface. The (28) _______________ (26) marks the locations of most convergent boundary volcanoes. It stretches along the (29) ________________ coasts of North and South America and down the eastern coast of Asia. At (30) _________________ plate boundaries, magma is forced upward into fractures and faults that form as plates separate or spread apart. Most of the volcanoes that form along divergent boundaries are located underwater along (31) _____________. This type of volcanic activity can be observed above sea level in caldera hot spots vent viscosity pluton tephra crater For each item described in Chapter 18 write the word from the box _________________1. Volcanic fragments thrown into air during a volcanic eruption _________________2. Internal resistance to flow _________________3. Intrusive igneous rock body _________________4. Opening in Earth’s crust through which lava erupts _________________5. Bowl-shaped depression around a vent at the top of a volcano _________________6. Depression that forms when the top or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber _________________7. Unusually hot areas in the mantle that are stationary for long periods of time. Label the illustration using terms from Chapter 18. (32) _________ , which sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Some volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form over (33) _____ __________, which are unusually hot regions of Earth’s mantle. At hot spots, high-temperature plumes melt rock. The magma that forms moves upward toward the (34) _________ and melts the crust to form a volcano. As a tectonic plate moves over a hot spot, a string of volcanoes forms. The (35) _____________________ are forming as the result of a hot spot. Hot spots can also result in the formation of (36) _______ _______ , which erupt from fissures to form a flat plain or a (37) ___________rather than volcanic mountains. Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 2 Name______________________________________ CHAPTER Date 20 Mountain Building SECTION 20.1 Class period The Birth of the Himalayas Crust–Mantle Relationships In your textbook, read about Earth’s topography and the relationships between the crust and the mantle. Write an answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Approximately how much of Earth’s surface is below sea level? 30 points 2. Approximately how much of Earth’s surface is above sea level? 3. The largest percentage of Earth’s surface above sea level ranges in elevation from 0 km to 4. How far below sea level is the largest percentage of Earth’s surface? 5. Describe the kind of rock and density of the oceanic crust. In your textbook, read about isostasy and erosion. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. equilibrium isostatic rebound mantle mountains roots seamounts smaller Isostasy is a condition of (6)_________________between the mass of Earth’s crust and the buoyancy of the mantle. Topographic highs in the crust have deep (7) _________________ that extend into the mantle and provide buoyant support. Continents are said to float on the denser (8) _________________ . As (9) _________________ rise, deep roots form. As mountains are eroded, their roots become (10) _________________. As material is removed from mountains by erosion, the crust slowly rises. This process known as (11) _________________ . Such crustal movements resulting from isostasy are not restricted to continents, but also occur when volcanic mountains on the seafloor, called (12)_________________, form. The greatest challenge for mountain climbers is Mt. Everest, whose peak rises 8,872 meters above sea level. This is the highest mountain in the world, though many mountains around it are almost as high. Mt. Everest is in the Himalayas, a series of massive ranges that extends 2,500 kilometers across South Asia north of India. The Himalayas cover all or part of the countries of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. A climber on the high slopes of Mt. Everest would probably be surprised to learn that the region was relatively flat about 40 million years ago. It was then that two continental plates collided. The plate carrying India had been moving northward for millions of years. The oceanic crust in front of it was slowly subducted under the Eurasian plate. But when the two continents collided, subduction stopped because India could not sink into the mantle. Instead, it pushed crust upward and downward. The Himalayas were one result. Thus, the Himalayas are actually pieces of plates broken and lifted up because of the collision. Another result of this collision was the movement of China eastward, as the movement of India northward pushed the Eurasian plate in front of it. The collision is still occurring today. In fact, the Himalayas are growing in elevation at a rate of about 1 centimeter per year. Answer the following questions. 1. Where are the Himalayas? 2. What was the area of the Himalayas like 40 million years ago? 3. How did the movement of plates create the Himalayas? 4. What else resulted from the collision of those plates? 5. What type of plate boundary exists today along the Himalayas? 6. If the Himalayas continue to grow in elevation at their present rate, how tall will Mt. Everest be in one million years? Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 3 Name______________________________________ SECTION 20.2 Convergent–Boundary Date 30 points Class period Mountains In your textbook, read about mountains that form as the result of convergence. Use the terms below to label the diagrams. On the line below each diagram, write the name of the type of boundary pictured. continental crust deformed sediments fault basin sediments magma island arc complex volcanic mountains mantle oceanic crust subducting plate trench 20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction continental crust trench magma oceanic crust sediments subducting plate volcanic mountains zone? Why? not form as the result of continental-convergence Use the two plates have the same density be sub 21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental mountains? 22. How do the mountains that form along an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary differ from those associated with an oceanic-continental convergent boundary? Mo oceanic-oceanic boundary 23. Briefly describe the events that led to the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. 20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction zone? . An island Why? 21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental mountains? Oceanic sediments may fill the area between a trench and the coast to form mountains. Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 4 Name______________________________________ SECTION 20.3 30 points Other Types of Mountains In your textbook, read about divergent–boundary and nonboundary mountains. For each item write the word from the box Tetons Basin and Range Province fault-block mountain Mauna Kea ocean ridge pillow basalts uplifted mountain solitary volcanic peaks Date Class period In your textbook, read about nonboundary mountains. Answer the following questions. 11. What makes uplifted mountains, fault-block mountains, and hotspot volcanoes different from other mountains? They generally form far from 12. Describe the rocks that make up uplifted mountains. How are these rocks different from rocks associated with plate-boundary orogeny? The rocks of uplifted mountains show little deformation, unlike the rocks _________________ 1. Region of very broad uplift at a . divergent plate boundary on the ocean floor _________________ 2. Igneous rocks that form along ocean ridges _________________ 3. Forms when a large region of Earth’s crust is uplifted as a unit _________________ 4. Example of uplifted mountains 13. Describe how fault-block mountains form. _________________ 5. Forms when large pieces of crust are Province. Fault-block , uplifted, or . 14. Describe and classify the mountains of the Basin and Range tilted, uplifted, or dropped between large faults _________________ 6. Example of fault-block mountains _________________ 7. Form when plates move over hot spots in Earth’s mantle _________________ 8. Example of hot-spot volcanic peak Answer the following questions. 9. What causes regional uplift? Heat from the mantle causes the overlying crust to rebound, or upward 10. How do mountains form over hot spots? As a tectonic The mountains of the Basin and 15. How did the mountains of Hawaii form? 16. Which type of mountains are the Wasatch Mountains of Utah? Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 5 Name______________________________________ 20 points Date Class period Applying Scientific Methods Thinking Critically Read a geologist’s report below on one area of Alaska. Then use the information in the report and the cross-sectional diagram of central Alaska to answer the questions. Use the map of the Hawaiian Islands to answer the following questions. The dates on the map represent the approximate times (millions of years before the present [M.Y.B.P.]) that the islands formed. The central Brooks Range of Alaska is an area of rugged, east-trending ridges with heights of up to about 2500 m. This range, which stretches across northern Alaska, is part of the Rocky Mountain system. Sedimentary rocks are common in the Brooks Range. These rocks are complexly folded and faulted in the Brooks Range and are less deformed elsewhere. Some marine sedimentary rocks contain small fossils of invertebrates, shells, and corals and are found near the mountains’ summits of the Brooks Range. The fossils provide information that is useful in dating rocks and establishing the geological sequence. Metamorphic rocks, such as marble and dolomite, are found along the south side of the range. Several episodes of uplift, deformation, and intrusion have produced complexly folded, fractured, and thrust faulted blocks. Erosion and heavy glaciation account for the rugged mountain profiles and U-shaped valleys evident today. 1. Describe the kind of orogeny that formed these islands that are far from tectonic plate boundaries. 2. According to the map, which island is the oldest? Which is the youngest? 3. Where would you expect the next island in the group to form? 1. Note that the mountains’ roots extend into the mantle. Which mountain range has the greatest mass above Earth’s surface? 2. From the diagram, what type of plate boundary exists in the south? Describe its location and mark the place on the map. 4. How do the shapes of the mountains in this complex differ from the shapes of volcanoes in large mountain ranges? 3. How does the Chugach Range appear to have formed? 4. From the evidence presented in the report, how do you think the Brooks Range formed? What led you to this conclusion? 5. How does the formation of these mountains change the underlying crust? 5. How can you explain the presence of marine sedimentary rock in the Brooks Range? Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 6 Name______________________________________ Date 20 points The Dynamic Earth Class period UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Match the geologic phenomenon or process below with the correct group of terms. earthquake intrusive activity orogeny plate tectonics volcano _________________ 1. Seafloor spreading, ridge push, slab pull _________________ 2. Batholiths, stocks, laccoliths _________________ 3. Caldera, crater, hot spot _________________ 4. Fault, seismic waves, epicenter _________________ 5. Folding, faulting, uplift 12. Explain how mantle plumes provide evidence for the rate and direction of tectonic plate motion. Draw an arrow on the diagram to help explain the process. Use each of the terms below to complete the statements. convection currents faults hot spot magnetic patterns modified-Mercalli scale volcanoes 6. Evidence of seafloor spreading is provided by symmetric_________________ of ocean-floor rocks. 7. Plate movements are related to ______________ in Earth’s mantle that cause warm matter to rise and cool matter to sink. 8. Cinder-cone, shield, and composite are three types of _________________. 9. Earthquakes occur when stress in rock is released at breaks in Earth’s crust called _________________. 10. An earthquake’s intensity, or the amount of damage it causes, is measured on the _________________. 11. A solitary volcanic peak may form when a plate moves over a _________________ in Earth’s mantle. 13. Describe evidence that the Yellowstone Hot Spot Volcano has moved in geological time. Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 7 6 Name______________________________________ Mountain Building Across 6. pluton that cuts across preexisting rocks and often forms when magma invades cracks in surrounding rock 7. batholiths, stocks, sills, or dikes 8. unusually hot area in Earth's mantle that is stationary for long periods of time where higher temperature plumes of mantle material rise toward the surface 10. igneous rock formed when magma pushes through dikes and erupts onto the seafloor 12. pluton that forms when magma intrudes parallel rock layers 13. large, igneous rock mass that is common in the interior of major mountain chains 16. large crater that can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption 18. bowl-shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the summit of a volcano 19. what is built by volcanoes or when land is pushed upward by earthquake faults; as described in chapter 20 in the textbook 20. irregular shaped pluton smaller than a batholith that cuts across older rocks Down 1. slow process of Earth's crust rising as the result of the removal of mass from the crust 2. relatively smaller, mushroom-shaped pluton that forms when magma intrudes into parallel rock layers close to Earth's surface 3. opening in Earth's crust through lava erupts and flows out onto the surface 4. large sloping volcano built by violent eruptions of volcanic fragments and lava that accumulate in alternating layers 5. condition of equilibrium that describes the displacement of Earth's mantle by Earth's continental and oceanic crust 9. rock fragments that are thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption and fall to the ground 11. broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by nonexplosive eruptions of basaltic lava that accumulates in layers 14. type of mountains that form when large pieces of crust are tilted, uplifted, or dropped downward between large normal faults 15. steep-sided smaller volcano that is built by the accumulation of tephra around the vent 17. cycle of processes that form all mountain ranges, resulting in broad mountain belts, most of which are associated with plate boundaries 2 Date Class period 12 13 20 10 15 11 4 Created by Puzzlemaker at DiscoveryEducation.com 14 Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory. Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things. Page 8