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Ecosystems, Populations, Communities Name: 1. Date: In a given location, the replacement of one community by another until a climax stage is reached is referred to as A. ecological succession B. modern evolution C. energy cycling D. a food pyramid 2. The sequence A through E represents stages of ecological succession in a given area. Which diagram shows the greatest number of pioneer organisms? A. 3. A B. C. E What caused succession to occur in stages A through E ? A. importation of organisms that have no natural enemies B. each community modifying the environment C. urban development disrupting natural habitats D. technological oversights leading to air pollution page 1 C D. D 4. A farmer abandons one of his elds, and over the years he notices that one community is replaced by another community. This replacement represents part of A. a food chain B. an abiotic community C. a pyramid of energy 5. The diagram shows the types of plants which grew in a farm eld in the 200 years after it was abandoned. Di erent types of plants appeared and disappeared during this time. D. an ecological succession The nal stage represented in the diagram most probably is located in which biome? A. tundra B. taiga C. temperate deciduous forest D. tropical rain forest 6. The diagrams shown of four stages of succession and on your knowledge of biology. [The diagrams do not represent stages in their proper order.] I II III IV Which community would be predominantly pioneer organisms? A. I B. II C. page 2 III D. IV Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 7. Years after the lava from an erupting volcano destroyed an area, lichens started to grow in that area. These were gradually replaced by grasses, shrubs, conifers, and nally by a deciduous forest. 8. The process described is known as Mangrove trees grow in the water on the edge of a subtropical island. In time, grass-like plants will grow on the same spot. Still later, palm trees will grow there. Given enough time (and no natural disasters), all these plants will be gone, and a stable pine forest will stand where the mangroves once grew. These changes best describe steps involved in A. photosynthesis B. species preservation A. the heterotroph hypothesis C. ecological succession B. ecological succession C. energy cycles D. conservation D. the water cycle 9. The diagrams represent events that occurred during succession in a pond. 600 B A D C Which organism is one of the rst autotrophs to appear in this succession? A. frog B. aquatic plant C. page 3 tree D. sh Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 10. 11. All the cottontail rabbits in a country would represent A. a community B. C. a population D. an ecosystem 14. a biome The diagram shown illustrates a lake ecosystem. Animal life is not included in the diagram. The diagram is divided into nine sections which are identi ed by the letter of the row and the number of the column in which they are located. Which occurs within self-sustaining ecosystems? A. Consumers produce most of the oxygen. B. Consumers eventually outnumber producers. C. Energy is created and destroyed. D. Organisms interact with their environment. 12. 13. In an ecosystem, the ultimate source of all energy is Which section represents a stage of lake succession more advanced than stages indicated in the other sections? A. photosynthesis B. A. C. fermentation D. sunlight oxygen 15. The diagram shown is of a lake ecosystem. The diagram shows a cross section of a deep lake. The dashed line which separates level A from level B indicates the depth beyond which light cannot penetrate. Minerals entering this system from the surrounding soil would reach all parts of the lake by the process of A. active transport B. ecological succession C. di usion B-3 C. C-1 D. C-2 A-1 B. B-2 C. C-2 D. B-3 Which section would most likely have the greatest total biomass? A. 17. B. Which section most likely has the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen in the summer? A. 16. A-2 A-2 B. B-3 C. C-1 D. C-2 Which processes are most directly involved in the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen between plants and animals in an ecosystem? A. transpiration and excretion B. photosynthesis and respiration C. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis D. decomposition and succession D. transpiration page 4 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 18. An island in a river in New York State has a population of mice. In 1 year, the population density changed from 12 mice per 25 square meters to 20 mice per 25 square meters. 22. An ecosystem is shown in the diagram. Which factors must be present for this ecosystem to be self-sustaining? Which factor most likely caused the change in the population density of mice on the island? A. a decrease in the amount of precipitation B. migration of snakes to the island C. competition among mice for food D. a decrease in the island's owl population 19. In an ecosystem, the calcium compounds found in rocks are best described as A. inorganic and abiotic B. inorganic and biotic C. organic and abiotic 21. mutagenic agents, aerobic respiration, and heterotrophs B. heterotrophic nutrition in plants, cycling of nitrogen, and bacteria C. a source of energy, cycling of materials, and autotrophs D. anaerobic respiration, autotrophic nutrition, and saprophytes 23. D. organic and biotic 20. A. Which level of biological organization includes the greatest total number of species? Hawks and owls living in the same area compete for the same type of mouse for food. Which situation would lead to the greatest problem in food supply? A. an increase in the owl population A. community B. ecosystem B. an increase in the mouse population C. population D. biosphere C. a decrease in the hawk population D. a decrease in the owl population As used in biology, the term “population” refers to the A. role that all species play in their environment B. interactions of plants and animals in an ecosystem C. members of a single species in a given area 24. D. position of an organism in a food chain 25. page 5 All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as A. a population B. a community C. a biome D. the biosphere Which element is not recycled throughout an ecosystem by the processes of photosynthesis and respiration? A. carbon B. hydrogen C. nitrogen D. oxygen Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 26. The chart lists four groups of factors relating to an ecosystem. Group A Sunlight Group B Sunlight Sunlight Rainfall Minerals Gases Rainfall Producers Carbon Dioxide Consumers Producers Water Green Plants Which relationship can correctly be inferred from the data presented in the graphs below? Group D Sunlight Green plants Climate Rainfall Consumers Oxygen Group C 29. Rainfall Which group contains only abiotic factors? A. 27. 28. A B. B C. C D. D Atmospheric nitrogen can only be used by most living things after it has been A. converted to nitrates with the help of nitrogen- xing bacteria B. taken in by plants through the lenticels C. converted to ammonia by bacteria of decay A. As sewage waste increases, oxygen content decreases. B. As sewage waste increases, oxygen content increases. C. As oxygen content decreases, carp population decreases. D. As oxygen content decreases, trout population increases. 30. D. combined with carbon dioxide to form protein What is the major environmental factor limiting the numbers of autotrophs at great depths in the ocean? As water cycles through an ecosystem, which process returns it to the atmosphere? A. type of sea oor B. amount of light A. hydrolysis B. C. availability of minerals C. condensation D. cyclosis transpiration D. absence of biotic factors 31. El Ni~no is a short-term climatic change that causes ocean waters to remain warm when they should normally be cool. The warmer temperatures disrupt food webs and alter weather patterns. Which occurrence would most likely result from these changes? A. Some species would become extinct, and other species would evolve to take their place. B. Some populations in a ected areas would be reduced, while other populations would increase temporarily. C. The ow of energy through the ecosystem would remain unchanged. D. The genes of individual organisms would mutate to adapt to the new environmental conditions. page 6 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 32. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 34. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the article which was written in response to an article entitled “Let all predators become extinct.” Predators Contribute to a Stable Ecosystem In nature, energy ows in only one direction. Transfer of energy must occur in an ecosystem because all life needs energy to live, and only certain organisms can change solar energy into chemi Producers are eaten by consumers that are, in turn, e Stable ecosystems must contain predators to help control the populations of consumers. Since ecosystems contain many predators, exterminating predators would require a massive e ort that would wipe out predatory species from barnacles to blue whales. Without the population control provided by predators, some organisms would soon overpopulate. Which organism carries out autotrophic nutrition? 33. A. frog B. snake C. plant D. grasshopper Explain why an ecosystem with a variety of predator species might be more stable over a long period of time than an ecosystem with only one predator species. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug live on the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungus digests and absorbs materials from the tree, while the slug eats algae growing on the outside of the trunk. These organisms do not compete with one another because they occupy A. the same habitat, but di erent niches B. the same niche, but di erent habitats C. the same niche and the same habitat 35. D. di erent habitats and di erent niches In a certain ecosystem, rattlesnakes are predators of prairie dogs. If the prairie dog population started to increase, how would the ecosystem most likely regain stability? A. The rattlesnake population would start to decrease. B. The rattlesnake population would start to increase. C. The prairie dog population would increase rapidly. D. The prairie dog population would begin to prey on the rattlesnakes. page 7 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 36. Which of the stages in the diagram below consists of plant species that modify the environment, eventually making it more suitable for another community? A. grass stage, only B. grass, shrub, and pine forest stages C. shrub, pine forest, and hardwood forest stages 38. The graph below shows how the human population has grown over the last several thousand years. D. hardwood forest stage, only 37. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graphs below, which show changes in the number of aspen trees and the beaver population in an area over a 50-year period. Which statement is a valid inference that can be made if the human population continues to grow at a rate similar to the rate shown between 1000 A.D. and 2000 A.D.? A. Future ecosystems will be stressed and many animal habitats may be destroyed. B. Global warming will decrease as a result of a lower demand for fossil fuels. C. One hundred years after all resources are used up, the human population will level o . D. All environmental problems can be solved without a reduction in the growth rate of the human population. State the relationship that exists between the number of aspen trees and the beaver populations in this region during the rst 15 years. page 8 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 39. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. 41. A population of paramecia (single-celled aquatic organisms) was grown in a 200-mL beaker of water containing some smaller single-celled organisms. Population growth of the organisms for 28 hours is shown in the graph below. An ecosystem is represented below. The organisms represented as are found in the area shown due to which factor? A. pH B. sediment C. light intensity D. colder temperature Which factor most likely accounts for the change in the paramecium population from 8 to 20 hours? A. an increase in the nitrogen content of water B. an increase in wastes produced C. an increase in available food D. an increase in water pH 40. One likely explanation for the change in the paramecium population from 26 hours to 28 hours is that the A. carrying capacity of the beaker was exceeded B. rate of reproduction increased C. time allowed for growth was not su cient D. oxygen level was too high page 9 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities 42. Thrips are insects that feed on the pollen and owers of certain plants. The size of a thrip population depends on the number of owers available. Which graph best represents changes in a population of thrips if winter was longer than usual and the summer was too cool and dry for many owers to bloom? 43. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows the growth of a population of rabbits in a speci c ecosystem. Rabbit Population in a Speci c Ecosystem A. B. Which environmental factor could have caused the change indicated at A? A. increased predation by herbivores B. increased availability of food C. increased number of decomposers D. increased competition among carnivores C. 44. Over a period of time, the location of the dashed line would move from location B to location C on this graph if A. the birthrate of the rabbit population was equal to the death rate of the rabbit population B. there was a decrease in the number of rabbit predators and an increase in the availability of plants C. there was a decrease in the availability of minerals, water, and shelter D. D. the entire rabbit population migrated to a new ecosystem containing more autotrophs page 10 Ecosystems, Populations, Communities