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Study Guide for the Lower Anatomy
Abbreviations to Remember:
A.T.C – Certified Athletic Trainer (National)
L.A.T - Licensed Athletic Trainer (State)
N.A.T.A – National Athletic Training Association (headquarters in Dallas, TX)
S.W.A.T.A – Southwest Athletic Trainers (Texas)
GHATS- Greater Houston Athletic Trainers’ Society
Advisory Board of Athletic Trainers – responsible for governing/ Licensing of Athletic
trainers in Texas
Terminology to Review:
Abduction – moving away from midline
Acute – a new injury
Adduction – moving toward the midline
Anatomical Position – body is erect with hands at side with palms forward
Anterior – front
ASIS- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Bursa – a sac or pouch of synovial fluid located at friction points
Chronic – an old injury
Contusion - Bruise
Cryotherapy – treatment by use of cold or ice
Dislocation – displacement of a bone from a joint w/tearing of ligaments & tendons
Distal– away from the point of attachment
Dorsal-flexion – pulling foot toward head
Edema – abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue
Eversion – sole of foot turned outward
Hemotoma – a tumor-like mass produced by an accumulation of coagulated blood
HIP POINTER - contusion to the iliac spine
HOPS= History, Observation, Palpation and Special test
Hyperextension – continuation of extension beyond normal
Inferior – towards bottom of body or body part
Inversion – sole of foot turned inward
-Itis – inflammation
Inflammation- Local response to cellular injury
Lateral – away from the midline
Ligament – connects bone to bone
Medial - towards the midline
Meniscus – crescent (“c”) shaped cartilage in the knee joint
Plantar-flexion – pointing the toe
Posterior – back
Proximal – toward the point of attachment
Sprain – injury to ligaments
Strain – injury to muscle/tendons
Subluxation – partial dislocation
Superior - towards the top of body or body part
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Tendon – connects muscle to bone
Thermotherapy – treatment by use of heat
Turf Toe – Sprain of the great toe
Primary Survey – A= airway
B= breathing
C= circulation
P= Protection
R= rest
I= ice
C= compression
E= elevation
Secondary Survey – H= history
O= observation
P= palpation
S= stress test
*Quadricep muscle – 4 muscles on anterior portion of the femur
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
* 4 Ligaments of the knee
ACL –Anterior Cruciate
PCL – Posterior Cruciate
MCL –Medial Collateral
LCL – Lateral Collateral
*Cruciate ligaments – 2 ligaments that “cross” in middle of the knee
ACL – Anterior Cruciate ligament
PCL – Posterior Cruciate ligament
*4 Bones of knee joint
Femur – strongest bone in body
Patella – knee cap
Tibia – biggest and weight bearing bone in lower leg
Fibula – small bone in lower leg, lateral to tibia
*3 Bones of ankle joint
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
*4 Movements of the ankle
Plantar-flexion
Dorsi-flexion
Inversion
Eversion
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*Bones that make up the foot
5 Tarsals= Cuboid, Navicular, 3 Cuneiforms
5 Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneous – Heel bone
BONES
2 Bones that make up the hip joint
1. Femur (ball)
2. Pelvis (Acetabulum- socket of the pelvis)
4 Bones of knee joint (hinge joint)
1. Femur – strongest bone in body
2. Patella – knee cap
3. Tibia – biggest and weight bearing bone in lower leg
4. Fibula – small bone in lower leg, lateral to tibia
Bones of ankle joint
1. Tibia
2. Fibula
3. Talus
Bones of the foot
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calcaneus – Heel bone
Tarsals- Cuboid, Cuneiforms, Navicular
MetatarsalsPhalanges- Toes
MUSCLES
Quadriceps muscle group– 4 muscles on anterior portion of the femur
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus Medialis
4. Vastus Intermedius
Hamstring muscle group- 3 muscles on the posterior aspect/ ischium
1. Semitendinosus
2. Semimembranosus
3. Bicep Femoris
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments of the Knee
1. ACL –Anterior Cruciate
2. PCL – Posterior Cruciate
3. MCL –Medial Collateral
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4. LCL – Lateral Collateral
Cruciate ligaments – 2 ligaments that “cross” in middle of the knee
Collateral ligaments- 2 ligaments that are on the “outside” (ll) of the knee
Ligaments of the Ankle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Anterior Talor Fibular ATF
Posterior Talor Fibular PTF
Anterior Tib- Fib
Posterior Tib- Fib
Calcaneofibular CF
Posterior Calcaneofibular PCF
Deltoid
ACTIONS/ MOVEMENTS/ MOTIONS
Hip
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Knee
Flexion (primary quadriceps)
Extension (primary hamstrings)
Adduction
Abduction
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
7. Flexion (primary hamstrings)
8. Extension (primary quadriceps)
Ankle (subtalar joint)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plantar-flexion (primary gastrocnemius)
Dorsi-flexion (primary anterior compartment muscles)
Inversion
Eversion
*2 Bloodborn pathogens
HIV
Hepatitis B
*2 Bones that make up the hip joint
Femur
Pelvis – Acetabulum
*Largest sesamoid bone in the body
Patella
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*Your HAMSTRINGS flex you leg and extend your hip
*The Hamstrings are sometimes referred to as the “NATURAL KNEE BRACE”
*The KNEE is the largest joint in the body
*The QUADRICEPS are the strongest muscle group in the body
*Your quadriceps pull your leg into extension and flex your hip
*The ACHILLES TENDON is the strongest tendon in the body
*Contusion to the iliac spine is called a HIP POINTER
*PLANTER FASCIA is a wide inelastic ligamentous tissue that extends from the anterior
portion of the calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals
*DELTOID LIGAMENT – large ligament located on the medial aspect of the ankle.
*ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR – most commonly injured ligament on the lateral surface of
the ankle
*3 muscles that make up the hamstring
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Bicep Femoris
*CHONDROMALACIA –softening or wearing away of the underside of patella
*OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISORDER – patella tendon partially pulls away from the tibia
causing am abnormal bony growth
*UNHAPPY TRIAD – When the MCL, ACL & medial meniscus are all torn
*SARTORIUS Muscle – commonly known as the tailors muscle, Longest muscle
*JONES FRACTURE – Avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal
*There are 28 bones in the foot
*3 arches of the foot
transverse
longitudinal
metatarsal
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*GASTROCNEMIUS – Calf muscle (turns into the ACHILLES TENDON)
*Function of the ACL – prevent the tibia from moving forward on the femur
*Function of the PCL – prevents the tibia from moving backwards on the femur
*Valgus Stress –
*Varus Stress*I T Band –
* Anterior Compartment Syndrome -
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