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Tuesday 2/16/2016 Agenda: Evolution Part II Notes: Anatomical Records Activity: Notes Foldable Homework/Class Work: No Homework Today! **EVOLUTION EXAM FRIDAY 2/19/2016 **GRADEBOOK CLOSES TUESDAY 3/1/2016 Anatomical Record Similar structural forms can be seen in different living organisms 3. Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures All vertebrates share a basic set of developmental instructions 1. 2. Relict developmental forms Analogous structures: resemble each other as a result of needed adaptations to similar environments (Different animals adapt in similar fashion when challenged by similar opportunities) The feature has the same function but looks different. Homologous structures: have same structure, DIFFERENT function. However, the structures are derived from the same part of a common ancestor The same basic bones are present in each forelimb Fig. 13.8 Homology among vertebrate limbs Vestigial structures: Although the structure(s) had a purpose & function in the past but they are largely or entirely functionless now. a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop new ones. The blue whale has tiny hind leg bones under its tail. The blind mole rat has tiny eyes completely covered by a layer of skin. Wednesday/Thursday 2/17-2/18/2016 Agenda: Evolution Part II Notes: Anatomical Records Review Notes: Patterns and Forces of Evolution Practice: Evolution Part II Worksheet Review: Evolution Station Rotation Homework/Class Work: No Homework Today! **EVOLUTION EXAM FRIDAY 2/19/2016 **GRADEBOOK CLOSES TUESDAY 3/1/2016 Q3 WK7 D1 PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Coevolution: Change of two or more species in close association with each other. Dependency develops EXAMPLE: Bumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival. Convergent Evolution: A kind of evolution where an organism develops structures that have similar (analogous) structures or functions regardless of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated. Analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION: 2 or more related species that become more dissimilar due to different environments. •This usually produces another species EXAMPLE: GALAPAGOS FINCHES EVOLUTIONARY FORCES 5 evolutionary forces can significantly alter the allele(s) frequencies of a population 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mutation Migration Genetic drift Nonrandom mating Selection Mutation The MAIN source of new variation Errors in DNA replication and change in DNA due to extraneous factors Mutation rates are too low to significantly alter allele frequencies on their own Migration Movement of individuals from one population to another Immigration: movement INTO a population Emigration: movement OUT of a population A very potent agent of change Genetic Drift A. Random loss of alleles More likely to occur in smaller population B. Founder effect Small group of individuals establishes a population in a new location C. Bottleneck effect A sudden decrease in population size to natural forces Mating that occurs more or less frequently than expected by chance Inbreeding Mating with relatives or self Increases homozygosity Outbreeding Mating with nonrelatives Increases heterozygosity Nonrandom Mating Selection Some individuals leave behind more offspring than others Artificial selection Creating unnatural characteristics by breeding species to promote a certain type of offspring. Natural selection Environment selects for adapted characteristics Jack Russell + Mini Italian Greyhound = Guapo