Download Fall Semester Review Key File

Name: ____________KEY____________________________
Period: ___________
First Semester Timeline
Neolithic Revolution
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
World Religions
Shift from hunter-gathering to settled agriculture
villages with domesticated animals.
Earliest cities on rivers that provide rich soil from flooding.
The 6 characteristics of civilization (cities, specialized workers,
complex institutions, technology, social structure & record
keeping) are possible because surplus provides the ability to
specialize.
Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, Shinto, Daoism,
Legalism, Zoroastrianism,
Christianity, Islam, Sikhism all
serve to stabilize society, codify
laws and in some cases form the
basis of government.
Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece
Ancient Rome
Athens – philosophy (Socrates), democracy, architecture,
colonization. Sparta- oligarchy, military
Hellenization – Alexander the Great spread of Greek
culture.
Empire – conquest, spread of Christianity, corruption, FALL
Fall of Han Empire
Corruption of the
bureaucracy, poor harvests,
invasion by Xiongnu, and
disease lead to fall.
Effect of Religion
Republic – Senate with elected representatives and
tribunes to represent the lower classes.
Religion has affected all
civilizations. It has provided a
guide for living a “good life”,
caused wars and provided
inspiration for music and art.
End of the Roman Empire
Diocletian split the empire – most
important parts were moved to
the east
Byzantine Empire
Preserved both Greek and Roman culture and will
influence Russian development with Orthodox
Christianity. Falls to Ottomans and gunpowder.
Ottoman Empire
Rose through the use of gunpowder
technology. Tolerant of other religions,
Suleiman’s Law Code combined aspects of
all three major religions of the empire.
Facilitated trade, domed architecture and
threatened Europe
Mongols
Genghis Khan will unite tribes
and create empire. Used fear
and intimidation plus horse
tactics. Toleration of other
religions. Kublai would conquer
China and start Yuan dynasty.
They made poor rules and left
China as the plague threatened.
Created instability in the Middle East as Roman
Empire weakens and Byzantines are unable to
exert control.
Rise of Islam
Spread rapidly because of conquest and
trade, House of Wisdom, tolerated “People
of the Book”, Ibn Battuta’s journey
Mongols
Pax Mongolica increases trade and diffusion,
Mongols will eventually destroy the Abbasid Dynasty,
House of Wisdom and Persian Qanat system, Middle
East will not recover
Rise of Russia
Orthodox Christianity and an alphabet based on
Greek influenced Russia to emulate the Byzantines.
Becoming a tribute state of the Golden Horde
focused Russia on the East and not the west.
West African Kingdoms
Ghana-Mali-Songhai: Extensive
circulation of gold, slave trade with
Muslim world, Timbuktu became center
of Islamic scholarship. Mansa Musa’s
hajj.
Latifundia system evolves into Manorialism and
Feudalism as Roman society collapses and the
poor seek refuge and stability
Feudal Europe
Reciprocal agreements between lords and
peasants, created to defend against
Vikings, etc. Manorial agriculture
Mongols
Pax Mongolica increases trade – Marco Polo, Golden
Horde demands tribute from Russia causes Russia to
face east and slows development
The Calamitous 14th Century
Mini-Ice Age – people more susceptible to
disease
Hundred Years’ War – feudalism weakened,
French monarch strengthened, English
monarchy weakened.
Black Death – 50% death rate, economy
stronger afterwards, Church weakened,
monarchy strengthened, serfdom weakened.
Great Schism – weakened Church more
Rise of National Monarchies
Kings rise in power as Church declines. Kings
ally with cities grant Charters in exchange for
loyalty, Mercantilist policies rise as trade
increases. England limits king’s power with
Magna Carta
African Slave Trade
Portuguese begin to dominate slave trade.
30 million Africans disrupted or enslaved.
11 million Africans shipped to Americas.
Sao Tome is first sugar plantation region.
Africans bring traditions to Americas and
create blends like Voodoo, etc.
Renaissance
The Age of Exploration
Gold-God-Glory - Portuguese start looking for a
way around Africa to avoid the Ottoman
Empire– Henry the Navigator.
New ship technology and knowledge of sailing.
European domination begins.
Will fund art and building projects
Surplus money (especially in Italy) from long
distance trade is used for art. Growing desire for
luxury. Move from religious based learning to
secular learning. Humanism. Printing press =
spread of ideas, writing in vernacular.
Meso-America
Maya, Aztec and Inca are dominant preEuropean cultures
90% death rate among Native Americans.
Cultures replaced by European religion,
economics, politics.
Columbian Exchange
Animals like cattle, horses and pigs will go from
“old world” to “new world” and cause
environmental damage and changes in lifestyle.
Crops will cause population boom in “old
world.” Disease kills natives. Slave migration
and mixing of races.
Directions- On this side of the paper provide a brief, but detailed, description of each item listed. On the Opposite side,
in each box, describe HOW that item was connected to/caused/influenced the connected item(s).
Neolithic Revolution: began about 12,000 B.C.E. in the Zagros Mountains of the Fertile Crescent this is the systematic domestication of plants
and animals and the shift to farming from hunting\gathering. It occurred also in East Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas.
River Valley Civilizations: Egypt, Indus, Tigris/Euphrates, and Huang He Rivers – the flooding of the rivers allowed for intensive agriculture of
the fertile river valley, which allowed for surpluses which allowed for specialization, which allowed for cities, which allowed for civilization.
Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece: City-States which were geographically isolated and led to more competition than cooperation. Athens
developed philosophy (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle), democracy (Pericles), science (Democtitus) and architecture while Sparta developed the
military arts and an oligarchy with five ephors; they also practiced infanticide. The Persian wars brought Greece together temporarily in the
Delian League. Two great battles were Thermopylae and Marathon. Greek religion led to modern theater and the Olympics.
Ancient Rome: Republic – representative democracy (Patricians and Plebeians), 300 Senators who served for life, the “veto”, Twelve Tables
and Law of Nations, borrowed heavily from Greek culture. Invented cement. Known for their aqueducts and roads. Empire – Julius was
dictator, his nephew Augustus became first Emperor. Christianity introduced (good roads). Bread and circuses to keep people happy. Slavery
grows and Latifundia replace small farms.
Fall of Empires (Han, Rome, Gupta): corruption, taxation, disease, too large to govern, Huns, Christianity in Rome…
Byzantine Empire: Preservation of Greek and Roman culture, center of world trade, Bezant is a world currency, peasants prosper, high literacy
rate. Justinian codifies laws, rebuilds Constantinople, and builds Hagia Sophia. Theodora is an interesting woman. Byzantines speak Greek,
Orthodox Christianity becomes state religion, others repressed. Caesaropapism combines the power of the Church and state. Theme System
and Greek fire help their military.
Rise of Russia: Viking traders (Rus) settled along the Volga River and married into local Slavic families creating the Russian people. Byzantine
missionaries like Cyril and Methodius bring Christianity to the region strengthening the trade ties that already existed. When Byzantium fell
Moscow declared itself the “New Rome.” Mongol Golden Horde turns Russia into a tribute state (Moscow).
Ottoman Empire: Turks led by Osman arrive in Anatolia and destroy weakened Byzantines by using gunpowder. Take over trade routes and
grow wealthy. Suleiman the Magnificent/Law Giver brings Empire to apex. Builds Suleimaniye Mosque as well as the Dome of the Rock. He
supports Luther in Germany in order to weaken Europe but fails to take Vienna and his conquests falter. The Ottoman Empire would slowly
decline until its final collapse at the end of World War I.
Feudal Europe: Rose to protect peasants after fall of Rome. Land (fief) in exchange for service. No social mobility, low literacy rate.
Manorialism was a self-sufficient (mostly) economic system based on serf farmers. Church held real power, crusades were an attempt to make
Europe more peaceful. Monks and nuns cared for the sick and poor. Chivalric code for knights. Charlemagne tried to create empire, it was
divided after his death. Charles (the Hammer) Martel stopped the Muslim invasion of France securing Europe as a Christian region. Vikings
trade and raid. Scholasticism developed.
Rise of Islam: Trade (Mohammed’s profession) is central to the spread of Islam. Shiite-Sunni split. Toleration of “People of the Book”. Ibn
Battuta’s journey. Baghdad (House of Wisdom), Cordoba (“Light in and otherwise dark world”) and Timbuktu (Mansa Musa) are major centers
of learning (practical science, algebra, eye surgery, astrolabe, etc.). Banking-checks, credit.
Mongol Empire: Nomads from the Asian steppes. Unified under Temugin, the Genghis Khan. Went on create the world’s largest land empire.
War tactics – shock and awe, fear and intimidation, excellent horsemanship, stirrup, composite bow, use frozen rivers as roads. Empire
divided into Khanates after death of Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan sets up Yuan Dynasty in China. Marco Polo visits China at this time.
West African Kingdoms: Ghana, Mali (Mansa Musa) and Songhai (Sunni Ali) rise in West Africa because of trade routes (gold, salt, slaves, etc.).
Islam is introduced first to elite classes. Mansa Musa goes on hajj because he killed his mother, he destabilizes Cairo’s markets by introducing
massive amounts of gold. He brings back scholars to Timbuktu to establish university.
Calamitous 14th Century: Mini-Ice Age – people more susceptible to disease. Hundred Years’ War – feudalism weakened, French monarch
strengthened, English monarchy weakened. Black Death – 50% death rate, economy stronger afterwards, Church weakened, monarchy
strengthened, serfdom weakened. Great Schism – weakened Church more. Results: Peasants have it better, knights and lords lose power,
Church is biggest loser, and kings increase power.
Rise of National Monarchy: Crusades prompt trade, trade increases importance of cities, cities ally with king; they get self-government
through charters and king receives tax revenue. Henry II in England sets up court system and challenges the Church (Becket). Magna Carta
sets limits on the English King’s power. In France a parliament is formed to advise the king but is rarely used after the Hundred Years’ War. In
Spain the monarchs will ally with the Church instead of challenging it, they will use the Inquisition to help maintain power. The Holy Roman
Empire in the German region will slow the growth of national monarchy in that area.
Renaissance: Rebirth of learning, return to Classicism. Begins in Italy and spread north because of wealth from trade after Crusades.
Renaissance man (de Vinci) has many interests. Humanism focuses on the individual, secularism looks away from religion. Perspective, oil
paints and frescos are all art discoveries of this time.
Age of Exploration: Seeking trade routes to Asia that by-passed the Ottoman middle men. Starts with Portugal (Henry the Navigator’s school)
exploring the coast of Africa. Will begin European domination of slave trade as sugar plantations appear off Africa’s coast at Sao Tome. Vasco
de Gama makes it to India and back. Isabella and Ferdinand send Columbus west. Magellan’s crew circumnavigate the globe. The Pope writes
the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the world between Spain and Portugal making England, France and the Netherlands unhappy. Gold, God and
Glory.
Meso-America: Olmec (giant heads) are the earliest known. Teotihuacan (City of the Gods) has pyramids, little known. Maya in the Yucatan
had city states, a dual calendar and extensive trade routes. Aztec at Tenochtitlan dominated Central America when Spaniards arrived. They
thought Cortez was their lost God – Quetzalcoatl. The Inca at Machu Pichu dominated the Andes Mountains and built extensive roads for
communication and military movement. The Mita System provided labor but they had almost no trade system. European arrival would be
devastating.
African Slave Trade: Different from Muslim slave trade – males wanted for agricultural work, lifelong and generational, most shipped to Brazil
and the Caribbean, Portuguese will begin the Atlantic slave trade but Britain will come to dominate. It is the Middle Passage of the triangle
trade. 11 million were exported and life expectancy in America was as low as 7 years.
Columbian Exchange: the interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas following Columbus's arrival
in the Caribbean in 1492. For reasons beyond human control, rooted deep in the divergent evolutionary histories of the continents, the
Columbian Exchange massively benefited the people of Europe and its colonies while bringing catastrophe to Native Americans. Spanish
soldiers did less to defeat the Incas and Aztecs than smallpox did. The most important historical actors in this story are not Christopher
Columbus or Montezuma or Hernan Cortés. They are the smallpox virus, the pig, the potato, and the kernel of corn. The Columbian Exchange
explains why Indian nations collapsed and European colonies thrived after Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492; why European nations
quickly became the wealthiest and most powerful in the world; and why Africans were sold into slavery on the far side of the ocean to toil in
fields of tobacco, sugar, and cotton. (Shmoop.com)
Name: ________________________________________
Period: ___________
First Semester Timeline
Neolithic Revolution
Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
World Religions
Ancient Rome
Effect of Religion
Fall of Han Empire
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire
End of the Roman Empire
Rise of Islam
Mongols
Rise of Russia
Feudal Europe
Mongols
The Calamitous 14th Century
Mongols
West African Kingdoms
Rise of National Monarchies
African Slave Trade
The Age of Exploration
Meso-America
Renaissance
Columbian Exchange
Directions- On this side of the paper provide a brief, but detailed, description of each item listed. On the Opposite side,
in each box, describe HOW that item was connected to/caused/influenced the connected item(s).
Neolithic Revolution:
River Valley Civilizations:
Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece:
Ancient Rome:
Republic –
Empire –
Fall of Empires (Han, Rome, Gupta):
Byzantine Empire:
Rise of Russia:
Ottoman Empire:
Feudal Europe:
Rise of Islam:
Mongol Empire:
West African Kingdoms:
Calamitous 14th Century:
Rise of National Monarchy:
Renaissance:
Age of Exploration:
Meso-America:
African Slave Trade:
Columbian Exchange