Download Chapter 10- The Roman Republic

PART 1
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Study Guide Answers
1. Describe the geography of Italy.
• In geography terms, Italy is a peninsula.
2. Name the two mountain ranges and
their location.
• Alps- Northern Italy
• Apennines-
Central/Middle
3. What river was Rome built upon?
• Rome was built on the banks of the Tiber
river. It was built there to honor the spot
where Romulus and Remus were rescued
by the wolf.
• The river is also important because it is a
freshwater source and an avenue for trade.
4. Who was Cincinnatus?
What was he known for?
• He was farmer in Rome that was chosen to
be dictator in 458 BC because Rome was
being attacked.
• He quickly defeated his enemies and left
his job as dictator well before his six month
term was up.
• He is viewed as a strong and noble leader.
5. Roman Social Structure
6. Why were the tribunes so important?
• Tribunes- office could only be held by Plebeians and
controlled the power of the veto
7. Explain checks and balances
Part 1- Magistrates- run the city and manage the army. Top two
magistrates were the consuls. Two consuls must always be in
place so that one does not gain more power than the other.
Both magistrates and consuls were elected annually.
Part 2- Senate- served for life- very influential- job was the advise
the consuls, had been around before the Republic. First was only
Patricians- but later wealthy Plebeians could join too.
Part 3- Two branch system- both elected annually
• Assemblies- both classes participated- their primary job was to
elect the magistrates who ran the city of Rome. Also approved
laws and could declare war
• Tribunes- office could only be held by Plebeians and controlled
the power of the veto
8. In what way was the Roman law of the Twelve
tables similar to the U.S. constitution?
• They both were written to protect people’s
rights.
9. What are examples of Roman civic
duty?
• Civic duty was important to Romans. They did the
following activities to improve their society:
• Attend assembly meetings
• Vote in elections
• Hold public office
10. What does forum mean in latin?
• Public place
11. Why did the Romans expand their
trade network?
• They needed to bring in food from the other
parts of the Mediterranean for their growing
population.
12. Who attacked Rome in 218 BC?
• Hannibal considered to be one of the
greatest military generals of the ancient
world.
• He led an attack on Rome in 218 BC and
began the second Punic War.
13. Why did Roman coins spread
throughout the Mediterranean?
• Roman influence and wealth spread
throughout the region as they increased
trade to feed their populations.
14. Describe the Punic Wars
• The Punic Wars were a series of 3 wars against
Carthage, a city in Northern Africa that lasted over the
course of a 120 years.
• During the first and second Punic War, Carthage attacked
Rome first. Rome won both wars.
• During the 2nd fought Hannibal in many battles and finally
defeated him in the battle of Zama.
• During the last Punic War, the Romans attack Carthage,
and then upon their defeat of Carthage burn the city, kill
most of its people, sell the rest into slavery, and throw salt
over where the city used to be so nothing would ever
grow there again.
15. Who were the Gracchus brothers? Why are
they important?
• Brothers who were both tribunes. Wanted
to help the poor. Riots broke out over their
actions.
• Romans saw that violence could be used
as a political weapon.
16. Gaius Marius
• He allowed poor men to join the Roman armies and
became a great military leader with great influence
because of this.
23. Who was Lucius Cornelius Sulla?
What did he do?
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla became a consul in
88 BC and quickly became a rival of Gaius
Marius.
• He created his own army, which led to a
civil war in Rome.
• Sulla declared himself as dictator and used
his power to punish enemies.
• Keep the Senate though, and increased it’s
power to ensure his power.
18. What happened to the followers of
Spartacus?
• Spartacus dies in battle.
• The rebellion falls apart- the slaves are
captured.
• Marcus Crassus crucifies 6,000 of
Spartacus's followers on the road between
Rome and Capua to set an example.
19. Who founded Rome?
• Romulus & Remus
PART 2
Roman Empire
21. If you were to visit Rome in 70 BC…
• Rome was chaotic and dangerous
• Generals fighting for power against the politicians
22. Who was Cicero? What did he want?
• He was a philosopher
• Make Rome a better place
• Limit power of generals
• Restore power of Senators
23. What country did Caesar conquer 5850 BC?
• Gaul
24. Who made up Rome’s First
Triumvirate?
• Julius Caesar
• Pompey
• Marcus Crassus
25. How did Caesar’s killers think they would
be treated? What happened?
• They thought they’d be treated like heroes, but were
chased out of Rome and killed by Antony and Octavian’s
forces.
26. What event led to a civil war between
Antony and Octavian?
• Marc Antony divorced Octavian’s sister and married
Cleopatra.
27. What does Augustus mean?
• “Revered one” = respected one
28. What helped expand Roman trade?
• The Romans developed currency in the form of coins
nearly everyone accepted.
29. Pax Romana
• A 200 year period of peace and prosperity
30. What architectural feature did
aqueducts use?
• Use of arches made it structurally sound
31. Roman art
• Realistic sculptures and paintings
32. Roman architecture
• Large, strong buildings
• Columns and open spaces
• Domes, arches, and vaults
33. Roman engineering
• Excellent, durable roads
• Strong bridges
• Aqueducts move water
• Building designs inspired later societies
34. Roman languages
• Developed from Latin, the language of Rome
35. Accomplishments of Roman
engineering and architecture
• Road construction in layers
• Use of arches and vaults
• Invention of aqueducts to carry water
36. Define civil law
• A legal system based on a written code of laws
37. Why did the Romans worship many
gods?
• They didn’t know which ones existed, so they worshipped
all of them.
38. How did Jews feel under Roman
rule?
• They resented Roman rule because their religious
practices were banned and they were taxed heavily
39. What marks the shift from BC  AD?
• The birth of Jesus of Nazareth
40. What happened that led to Jesus’
arrest and crucifixion?
• The Romans feared Jesus’ charisma (being well-liked)
made him a threat to the empire.
41. Describe the extent of Roman Empire
at its height
• Centered on Mediterranean
• North: Brittania
• South: North Africa/Egypt/Nile River
• East: Judea/Caspian Sea
• West: Spain/Atlantic Ocean
42. Diocletian
• Divided Roman Empire into East and West in the late
200s BC
43. Constantine
• Baptized in the 300s AD and was first Christian emperor
• Moved center of Roman Empire to Constantinople
• Ruled Eastern Empire after Diocletian
44. Reasons for the fall of Roman Empire
• Empire too large
• Difficult to communicate
• Corruption
• Wealthy people flee cities/build up armies
• Population decreases
• Schools close
• Inflation: taxes and prices soar
45. What is corruption? Examples
• Corruption is the decay of people’s values
• Corrupt officials used threats and bribes to achieve their
goals
46. Attila the Hun
• Fierce, ruthless battle tactics
47. Describe the role the Goths played in
decline of Rome
• The Goths were fleeing from invading Huns and had to
expand into Roman territory
48. Justinian’s Goals
• Wanted to reunite parts of the Old Empire
• Guarantee fair treatment for all people
• Maintain peace in the empire by stopping riots