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1 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Biomass The total mass of living plants, animals, bacteria and fungi in a given area Energy flow The flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism as well as from one organism to another Producers Plants that produce food Consumers An animal that eats another organism Decomposition The breaking down of organic wastes and dead animals 2 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Biodegradation The action of living organisms breaking down dead organic matter Decomposers Organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms into usable nutrients Food chain Shows the flow of energy from plant to animal and animal to animal Trophic level Each step in a food chain Primary Producers Plants and algae that produce food from sunlight 3 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Primary consumers Obtain their energy by consuming plants (ex: grasshopper) Secondary consumers Obtain their energy by eating primary consumers (ex: frogs) Tertiary consumers Obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers (ex: hawks) Detrivores Consumers that get their energy by consuming dead animals, dead plants and animal wastes (ex: earthworms) Herbivores Primary consumers that only eat plants 4 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Carnivores Consumers that eat only other animals Omnivores Consumers that eat both plants and animals Food Web Show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem Food pyramid A model that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to another (there is a loss of 90% of the energy from one level to another) Ecological pyramid Can show changes in biomass, number or energy as in a food pyramid 5 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Stores Nutrient cycles Carbon can be found where? Sedimentation Carbonate The accumulation of nutrients The continuous flow of nutrients into and out of stores Living things Atmosphere – CO2 Dissolved as CO2 in the ocean Coal, oil and gas deposits Sedimentary rock The laying down of layers to create sedimentary rock Carbon and oxygen that is dissolved in ocean water – in shells. Can form into limestone 6 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is the equation for cellular respiration? What are the (natural) ways carbon can be cycled? (You can use your data booklet) How do humans affect the carbon cycle? How is nitrogen stored? Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Volcanoes Forest fires Decaying organisms Sediments Burning fossil fuels Driving cars and trucks Clearing land Mostly in the atmosphere but also in the oceans and in organic matter in the soil 7 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Denitrification When nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to usable nitrogen forms (lightning and bacteria) Bacteria that can change nitrogen gas (N2) to useable nitrogen (found on the roots of bean plants for example) When ammonia (NH4+) is changed to NO3- that plants can use. Bacteria that can change ammonia (NH4+) to NO3- that plants can use. When nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere 8 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Denitrifying bacteria How do humans affect the nitrogen cycle? Where is phosphorous stored? Weathering Geologic uplift Bacteria that can change nitrate (NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2) Release of NO and NO2 due to burning of fossil fuels Sewage treatment Clearing forests and grasslands Use of chemical fertilizers – results in eutrophication (algal blooms) Trapped in phosphate that makes up phosphate rock and sediments Breaking down of rock into smaller pieces (releases P) Mountain building in which buried layers of sediment are exposed 9 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles How have humans affected the phosphorous cycle? Fertilizer and detergents Animals wastes from large farms Can cause algal blooms Clearing of forests through slash and burn Pesticides Chemicals used to kill pests (such as insecticides and herbicides) Bioaccumulation Gradual build-up of synthetic and organic chemicals in living organisms Keystone Species Species that greatly affect population numbers and health in an ecosystem (ex: salmon) Biomagnification When chemicals become more concentrated in each trophic level 10 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles PCBs Half-life Persistent Organic Pollutants DDT ppm Synthetic chemicals used from 1930 to 1970 that have a negative impact on animals The time it takes for a substance to decrease by half Carbon containing compounds that remain in the water and soil for many years A POP that was used as an insecticide to kill mosquitoes. Causes disorders of the nervous, immune and reproductive systems A way to measure chemicals – parts per million 11 Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Heavy metals Metallic elements with high density that are harmful at low concentrations – they cannot degrade or be destroyed. Dangers of lead (insecticides, paints, gasoline, electronics) Absorbed through the skin, inhaled and eaten – caused anemia, damage to the nervous system, impaired mental development, kidney failure and reproductive problems Dangers of cadmium (cigarettes, rechargeable batteries, zinc production) Most common poisoning is through smoking. Also through eating mushrooms, seaweed… Causes nervous system problem and also affects the immune system and DNA Dangers of mercury (coal burning, waste burning, batteries) Mainly through eating. Affects nerve cells, the heart, kidneys, lungs, suppresses the immune system Bioremediation The use of living things to clean up pollution