Download WWI GHI Effects of the Great War

Effects of the Great War
Mobilizing for Total War
Many foods and
materials like rubber
were rationed.
English citizens were
encouraged to grow
“victory gardens” so
more commercially
produced foods could
be sent to the war
front.
New Jobs for
Women
Women working at
a French munitions
factory
Women took on jobs at home that were traditionally held
by men, such as factory and industrial labor and working
with chemicals and munitions. Women also became train
conductors, secretaries, bus drivers, bank tellers, fire
fighters, construction workers during the war years. A
few women chemists and mathematicians conducted
military-related experiments.
Women’s Wages
Women at work in a British
artillery shell factory in
Woolwich, England.
Despite performing the same jobs as men, women were
usually paid less than men. The prevailing social attitudes
tended toward the “servile role of women”. Even with less
pay, it was better than work and pay that had traditionally
been open to women.
Women’s Changing Role
Eaton’s Catalogue, 1918
Winnipeg, Canada
After the war, most women
were forced out of their
jobs to make room for men
returning from the front.
more women began to wear
pants, having worn uniforms
or overalls in their jobs.
Women had discovered for
themselves the benefits of
financial autonomy and
greater mobility. Those
women able to keep their
factory jobs were able to
move out of their parents
homes and live on their own.
Notes:
Effects of the War on the Home Front
New Jobs for Women
• Women worked in jobs traditionally held
only by men, who were at the front.
• Women worked in munitions factories to
support soldiers at war.
Women’s Changing Role
• Women won the right to vote throughout
Europe (in the United States, women won
the right to vote in 1920).
•What do you see here?
•Where might these people be?
•How might they be feeling?
•What might have happened to this family’s home?
•What might have happened to this women’s husband?
•How is she trying to survive?
End of the War
In November, 1917, Russia’s Revolutionary
government, led by Vladimir Lenin, pulled out of the
Great War. Russia’s withdrawal from the war
allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the
Western Front. In March, 1918, the Germans
mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in
France. In May, 1918, the Germans had again
reached the Marne River, and were less than 40
miles away from Paris.
The German army, however, was weakened by this push to
Paris. Both men and supplies were exhausted. The Allies,
with the aid of nearly 140,000 fresh United States troops,
launched a counterattack. In July 1918, the Allies and the
Germans clashed at the Second Battle of the Marne.
Leading the Allied attack were some 350 tanks that
rumbled slowly forward, smashing through the German lines.
With the arrival of 2 million more American troops, the
Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany.
Total Number of Troops Mobilized
Central Powers
Series1
Allied powers
0
10
20
30
Million
40
50
The Central Powers began to crumble. First the Bulgarians,
then the Ottoman Turks surrendered. In October, 1918,
revolution swept through Austria-Hungary. In Germany,
soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the Kaiser.
On November, 9, 1918, Kaiser
Wilhelm II stepped down. Germany
declared itself a republic. A
representative of the new German
government met with a
representative of the French
government in a railway car near
Paris. On November 11, 1918, the
two gentlemen signed the
armistice.
Voices of Despair
People at home were horrified by the sheer numbers of
deaths. Roughly 10 million died, of which more than 6 million
were French, Russian, German and Austrian.
USA
116,000
Ottoman Empire
325,000
Germany
Italy
1,800,000
650,000
USA
Ottoman Empire
British
Empire
British Empire
Italy
908,000
France
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
1,700,000
Battlefield Deaths of Major Combatants
1,200,000
France
1,300,000
Also, they were horrified by the types of injuries suffered by
the wounded, such as amputations, burns, and shell shock.
The Paris Peace Conference
This is a painting of the
signing of the peace treaty
ending WWI in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of
Versailles in France, June
28, 1919. Two German
officials are on one side of
the table. Facing them,
center, is Georges
Clemenceau, David Lloyd
George, right. Woodrow
Wilson, left, holds a copy of
the treaty.
The Palace of Versailles
(Pronounced “Ver-sigh”)
Renovated by Louis XIV,
the Sun King
Located outside Paris,
France
The victorious allies met in Paris
on January 18, 1919 to begin
negotiating terms of peace.
The Paris Peace Conference was
directed by the “Big Four:”
•Prime Minister David Lloyd
George, Britain
•President Georges
Clemenceau, France
•President Vittorio Orlando,
Italy
•President Woodrow Wilson,
U.S.A.
Why wasn’t Russia represented?
Why wasn’t Germany represented?
Peace of Justice
Woodrow Wilson, the
President of the United
States, proclaimed the
Fourteen Points in January,
1918. It included the following
points:
•
•
•
Nations should have the right to choose their style of
government
New nations, based on ethnic homogeneity, would have to
be formed in Europe
Wilson hoped to form a “League of Nations” so future
conflicts could be settled diplomatically
Notes:
The Paris Peace Conference
Peace of Justice
• Leaders of allied and Central powers met at the
Palace of Versailles, France.
• President Wilson’s Fourteen points supported
self-determination for all nations. This was a
“Peace of Justice”
Peace of Vengeance
However, during the peace negotiations,
problems occurred:
• President Orlando of Italy demanded
that the allies honor secret treaties signed
at the beginning of the war that promised
Italy part of Austria’s land
• Prime Minister George wanted to protect
Britain’s oversea empire
• President Clemenceau wanted to punish
Germany for its role in the war
• Arguing among the Big Four ended with
President Orlando abandoning the Paris
Peace Conference and returning to Italy
President Wilson did not understand the depth of hatred
between the French and the Germans. Britain and France
had born the great brunt and cost of the war and felt they
had earned the right to determine peace terms. President
Wilson left Europe without a Peace of Justice.
“I can predict with absolute
certainty that within another
generation there will be another
world war if the nations of the
world do not work together to
prevent it.”
- from a statement by the American President,
Woodrow Wilson, made during the peace
discussions in 1919.
Only France and England were left to negotiate peace with the
Central Powers as they saw fit.
David Lloyd George
of England
George hated the Treaty:
•He thought that the Treaty
was far too harsh and would
ruin Germany,
•He thought it would cause
another war in 25 years time
Georges Clemenceau
of France
Clemenceau was disappointed
with the Treaty:
•He wanted the Treaty to be
harsher
•He wanted Germany to be
split up into smaller
countries.
The Treaty of Versailles was a severe treaty that
attempted to humiliate and cripple Germany.
Notes:
Peace of Vengeance
• Britain and France felt that, since the US did not
come into the war until 1917, the US should have no
say in the Peace process.
• Italy and Britain wanted territory
• France wanted to punish Germany.
• Italy and US left, leaving peace settlement between
France and Britain.
Treaty of Versailles with Germany
Key Demands
•
•
•
•
•
Germany was forced to turn over its navy (key
British demand)
Germany could keep an army of no more than
100,000 soldiers
Germany had to return the region of AlsaceLorraine to France
Germany had to disarm the Rhineland, a region
between Rhine River & France)
France was to receive all coal produced in the Saar
River Valley for 15 years
•
Germany was forced to relinquish all its overseas colonies
to various Allied countries. Much of its European lands
were ceded to Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, and
France.
• Austria was prohibited from ever joining Germany
• Germany was forced to pay war reparations, totals of
which were not determined at the signing of the
treaty. (The Germans were forced to give over a
“blank check.” Eventually, the bill for the war was
set at 32 billion dollars.)
• Most horribly for the Germans, the treaty included a
“guilt clause,” which stated that Germany was
responsible for all losses and damages incurred by
the Allies during the war. Germany had to pay
reparations to the Allies.
The harsh nature
of the Treaty of
Versailles
contributed
greatly to the
rise of the Nazi
Party in Germany,
but not until
1930.
British cartoon of 1920.
Notes:
Treaty of Versailles with Germany:
• France and Britain created a severe treaty that
punished Germany
• Germany had to:
 Return Alsace-Lorraine province to France
 Keep area near France (the Rhineland)
demilitarized.
 Pay war reparations of $32 billion.
 Agree to war guilt clause
The New Europe
The Treaty of Versailles was just one of five treaties
negotiated by the Allies with each of the defeated
nations.
The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up almost all of
their former empire. They retained only the territory
that is today the country of Turkey. The Allies carved
up the lands that the Ottomans lost in Southwest Asia
into mandates rather than independent nations.
Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan came under British
control, Syria and Lebanon went to France.
Empires were now gone:
German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman
•New countries that were formed: Poland, Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia, Finland, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Yugoslavia
New Countries
Some countries gained territory: Italy, Greece, Bulgaria,
Romania, Belgium, Denmark, France
Countries
made
larger
Countries that lost territory: Germany, Austria, Hungary,
communist Russia
Countries
made smaller
The Great War
left deep and
lasting physical,
emotional, and
geographic marks
on Europe.
Notes:
The New Europe
• Treaties similar to Germany’s were signed with other
Central Powers.
• Many countries experienced a change in their borders.
• Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia lost
territory.
• Ottoman Empire was broken up.
• Many new countries were created.
• A League of Nations was created, to settle disputes
diplomatically.