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Digestion Tube that transmits food through the body of an animal from mouth to anus. alimentary canal Enzyme produced by the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine. It converts starch to maltose during digestion. Its optimum pH is slightly basic. amylase A small dead end tube arising from the caecum in humans. appendix A fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Contains pigments, cholesterol and organic salts. It aids digestion by: changing the pH of the stomach contents from acid to alkaline emulsifying fats to fat droplets activating pancreatic lipase. bile Tube that transports bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum. bile duct Quantity of moist food mixed with saliva, prepared in the mouth for swallowing. bolus A sharp pointed tooth between the incisors and molars. canine tooth Ring of muscle found at the junction of the oesophagus and the stomach. It allows entry of food into the stomach after it has been cardiac sphincter swallowed but prevents its return (usually). Enzyme found in the tissues of plants and animals (e.g. celery and liver). Breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is poisonous, to catalase water and oxygen. Fatty substance synthesised in the liver from certain animal fats. High levels of this substance are associated with thickening of blood cholesterol vessels (arteriosclerosis) and may lead to a heart attack or stroke. It is also involved in hardening of the arteries. Contents of small intestine having been acted upon by pancreatic enzymes and bile. chyle Contents of the stomach having been acted upon by the gastric secretions. chyme The part of the large intestine from the caecum to the rectum. colon Difficulty in eliminating faeces. May be caused by a lack of fibre in the diet. constipation Page 1 of 4 Removal of the amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid. This is done to excess amino acids in the liver where the amino group is converted to ammonia and then urea (which is excreted by the kidneys). deamination The shape, number and arrangement of teeth of a species or individual mammal. Varies with diet. dentition The physical and chemical process by which large particles and molecules of food are broken down into simpler, soluble, absorbable, usable forms. digestion The first portion of the small intestine immediately below the stomach, approximately 30cm long. duodenum Elimination of faeces from the body, i.e. undigested or indigestible and unwanted material. It is under the control of the anal sphincter egestion muscle. This is not excretion. Food containing a large content of indigestible material (cellulose). Provides bulk. Eating it makes you feel full and can prevent you overeating as part of a balanced diet. It gives the muscles of the gut wall something to push against. It keeps the contents of the gut fibre moving. It absorbs water, keeps faeces soft and easier to egest. Prevents constipation. Helps prevent bowel (colon) cancer caused by carcinogens produced by bacteria in the colon by absorbing and diluting their effect. A sac-like vessel that lies behind the lobes of the liver and stores bile, which is produced by the liver. The bile duct drains it. gall bladder Collective term for all secretions by the glands in the stomach, e.g. mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid. gastric juice The small intestine, where most digestion and absorption occurs. ileum Front tooth used for cutting food. Found between the canine teeth (eye teeth) in upper and lower jaws. incisor(s) The process of taking food into the body through the mouth. ingestion Liquid produced by the intestines composed of mucus, enzymes and other substances all of which have a role to play in digestion. intestinal juice An enzyme produced by the small intestine that converts lactose to glucose and galactose during the process of digestion. lactase A lymph vessel in a villus of the small intestine. Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol after digestion of fats. lacteal Page 2 of 4 An enzyme produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine, which converts lipids to fatty acids and glycerol during the process of lipase digestion. Its optimum pH is slightly basic in the pancreas and small intestine but acidic in the stomach. Large exocrine gland and organ on right hand side of body below the diaphragm and beside/over the stomach. Has a range of functions which include: · production of bile · breaking down old red blood cells liver · detoxification of the blood · storage of vitamins and minerals · deamination of excess amino acids · controlling the amount of glucose in the blood · converts excess carbohydrates to fat Enzyme produced by the small intestine that converts maltose to glucose during the process of digestion. maltase A disaccharide reducing sugar, C12H22O11, formed from the hydrolysis maltose of starch. One of the last three back teeth each side in the mouth, top and bottom, including wisdom teeth, used for grinding food. molar(s) Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. oesophagus Large exocrine gland under the stomach that secretes enzymes (trypsinogen, amylase and lipase), which enter the duodenum via a duct. It is also an endocrine gland that secretes insulin. An enzyme produced in the stomach when pepsinogen reacts with the hydrochloric acid. It converts protein to polypeptides during the process of digestion. Its optimum pH is acidic: pH = about 1 or 2. Compound with two or more amino acids linked together in sequence. A very small protein. Many of these form a poly....... chain. Method of moving substances, (e.g. food) through tubes (e.g. intestines) by waves of rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles. pancreas pepsin peptide peristalsis That part of the digestive system that connects the mouth to the oesophagus. pharynx Teeth located between the canines and first molars. premolar Enzyme produced by the salivary glands which converts starch to maltose during the process of digestion. ptyalin (salivary amylase) Page 3 of 4 Ring of muscle found at the junction of the stomach and small intestine. It controls the rate of movement of chyme into the small intestine. pyloric sphincter That part of the large intestine between the colon and the anus. Stores faeces. rectum Enzyme produced in the stomach that converts soluble caseinogen to insoluble casein during the process of digestion. Its optimum pH is rennin acidic – pH = about 1 or 2. Fluid produced and secreted by glands in the mouth; contains the enzyme ptyalin or amylase. That part of the alimentary canal between the jejunum and the caecum. Most digestion and absorption occurs here. Inner walls not smooth, thrown into folds. Folds covered by thousands of tiny projections called villi. Villi increase surface area for release of enzymes and absorption and transport of digested food. A ring of muscle surrounding a tube or opening that closes when the muscle is contracted. Controls the movement of substances through it. e.g. cardiac and pyloric in the stomach and anal in the rectum, etc. A sac-like structure found in the abdomen at the end of the oesophagus and before the duodenum. Muscular walls help churn food and the process of digestion is helped by the production of gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid. An enzyme produced by the small intestine that converts proteins to peptides during the process of digestion, its optimum pH is slightly basic. Small finger-like extensions/processes found in the small intestine which increase the surface area for secretion and absorption. Page 4 of 4 saliva small intestine or ileum sphincter muscle stomach trypsin villus / villi