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# of protons in the atom # of Electrons # of neutrons in the atom in the atom Atomic mass of the atom Atomic # of the atom Element name Chemical symbol 7 7 7 14.007 7 Nitrogen N 5 5 6 10.811 5 Boron B 1 1 0 1.0079 1 Hydrogen H 20 20 20 40.08 20 Calcium Ca 30 30 35 65.39 30 Zinc Zn 13 13 14 27 13 Aluminum Al 9 9 10 19 9 Fluorine F 23 23 28 51 23 Vanadium V 17 17 18 35 17 Chlorine Cl 3 3 4 6.941 3 Lithium Li 79 79 118 196.97 79 Gold Au 11 11 12 23 11 Sodium Na 33 33 42 74.922 33 Arsenic As 50 50 69 118.71 50 Tin Sn 19 19 20 39.098 19 Potassium K All materials exist as a Solid, Liquid or Gas All materials are made up of very very small particles held together by forces! In a Solid, the particles are held very close together so they can hardly move Solids do not flow like liquids. They generally stay in one place! Solids keep their shape. Solids always take up the same amount of space. They do not spread out like gases. In a liquid, the particles are not so tightly packed, so they can move a little. Liquid flows easily Liquids change their shape They take the shape of the container they are in Liquids always take up the same amount of space. When liquids change shape, their volume stays the same In a gas, the particles are spread apart and can move easily Gases spread out freely Gases change their shape Gases can be squashed All matter is made up of very small particles All particles in a pure substance are the same. Different substances are made of different particles There is space between particles The particles are always moving. As the particles gain energy, they move faster The particles in a substance are attracted to one another. The strength of the attractive force depends on the type of particle. Some substances are made up of only 1 element. › Lead (Pb), Gold (Au) › Neon (Ne), Silver (Ag) › Anything on the periodic table in pure form. Of the approximately 10 million known pure substances only about 112 are elements. The rest are compounds. › Salt (NaCl), Water (H2O) › Sugar (C6H12O6) › Caffeine Element: › The simplest form of a substance. › The smallest particle of an element is an atom. Compound: › The simplest form of a material that is made up of 2 or more elements. › The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule. Ice Water Gold Salt Sugar Argon Hairspray Soap Windex Steel Toothpaste Bleach Potassium Gasoline Ink Coffee People Air Shampoo Grape Juice Elements will combine to form compounds through chemical reactions. › The process involves the loss/gain of electrons, or the sharing of electrons. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form compounds: Na + Cl NaCl (Salt) › Na loses 1 electron › Cl gains 1 electron › Let’s draw it! Atoms can share electrons to form compounds: H + O H2O (Water) › H and O will share electrons. › Let’s draw it! The number and kind of atoms that make up a molecule of material. For example: › Water's chemical formula = H2O › Water consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen (H2) and one atom of oxygen (O). E.g. 3AlCl3 The coefficient tells us how many molecules we have. Here we have three molecules of AlCl3 The subscript tells us how many of each atom we have. Each molecule has 1 Al and 3 Cl We have to multiply that by the coefficient to get the total # of atoms. 1x3 = 3 Al 3x3 = 9 Cl