Download Evolution Vocabulary

Bellwork 1/12
Malaria is a disease caused by a microscopic parasite that attacks
blood cells. The parasite is spread to humans through the bite of
a mosquito. Malaria causes headaches, muscle pain, coughing,
fever, and vomiting. Why is malaria able to cause symptoms in
so many parts of the body?
A. Mosquitoes that carry the parasite can bite the
skin on all parts of the body.
B. The parasite enters the circulatory system,
where it can travel to different parts of the body.
C. The parasite attaches itself to nerves, controlling
the messages sent to different parts of the body.
D. Mosquitoes inject the parasites into skin, where
they are able to move to different parts of the body.
EVOLUTION VOCABULARY
3.a. Analyze how adaptations to a particular environment (e.g. desert, aquatic, high
altitude) can increase an organism’s survival and reproduction and relate organisms and
their ecological niches to evolutionary change and extinction. (DOK 3)
These words can be found in sections 1, 2 &
3 of Chapter 8 in the book.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Species
Fossil
Adaptation
Evolution
Scientific theory
Natural selection
Variation
Homologous structures
Branching tree
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Petrified fossil
Mold
Cast
Relative dating
Radioactive dating
Half-life
Fossil record
Extinct
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibria
These words are not in the book but will be
on your vocabulary quiz
20.
21.
22.
23.
Survival of the fittest – a struggle for life in which
only those organisms best adapted to existing
conditions are able to survive & reproduce
Bioluminescent – emitting light
Echolocate – determining the location of something
by measuring the time it takes for an echo to
return from it
Inbreeding – breed from closely related animals
These words are not in the book but will be
on your vocabulary quiz
24.
25.
Migration – the movement from one location to
another
Mutualism – a relationship between organisms of
different species in which both organisms benefit
from the association
Bellwork 1/13

Give an example of selective breeding and genetic
engineering.
Classwork Assignment


You will work with a partner to complete the notetaking outline for sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 8.
What you do not finish will need to completed for
homework.
Bellwork 1/14
Which of these would happen to the cell if cellular
respiration stopped?
A. It would not have the energy it needs to perform its
functions.
B. It would grow larger because it would not be able to
dispose of wastes.
C. It would have to access backup energy trapped in the
chemical bonds of food.
D. It would no longer be able to passively transport
materials across its cell membrane.
The Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection
Background Information
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December 1831, the British ship HMS Beagle set sail
from England on a 5 year trip around the world
Charles Darwin on board
Became ships naturalist (a person who studies the
natural world)
His job was to learn as much as he could about the
living things he saw
What did he find?

Observed plants and animals he had never seen
before
Voyage of The HMS Beagle
Darwin’s Observations
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Diversity of living things
The remains of ancient organisms (fossils)
The characteristics of organisms on the Galapagos
Islands
Diversity


Scientists have identified more than 1.7 million
species of organisms on Earth
A species is a group of similar organisms that can
mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
Diverse Organisms on Earth
Fossils


A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of an
organism that lived in the past
Darwin saw fossil bones that resembles creatures
living on the islands, but the fossils were different in
size
Fossils
Galapagos Organisms
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Giant turtles/tortoises
Land turtles
These organisms didn’t live in England
Darwin compared the organisms from the
Galapagos Islands to organisms in England & other
places
He found many similarities and differences
Galapagos Organisms
Comparisons to South American Organisms
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
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Many similarities between South American
organisms and the organisms found on the
Galapagos Islands
Birds, including hawks, mockingbirds, & finches,
resembled birds in South America
Plants were also similar
Differences


Iguanas in South America had small claws to climb
trees where they ate leaves
Iguanas on the Galapagos Islands had large claws
that allowed them to grip slippery rocks where they
fed on seaweed
Iguanas
Darwin’s Hypothesis
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From his information, Darwin hypothesized that a
small number of different plant and animal species
had come to the islands from South America
They might have been blown out to sea during a
storm or set adrift on a fallen log
Once the plants and animals reached the islands,
they reproduced
Eventually, their offspring became different from
their mainland relatives
Classwork Assignment
1.
With a partner, list adaptations some animals
have made



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Animals who live in the desert
Animals who live deep in the ocean
Animals who live at high altitudes
Animals who live in very cold climates
Bellwork 1/15

List some of the similarities and differences that
Darwin observed in the organisms on the
Galapagos Islands and England & South America
Comparison among the Galapagos
Islands
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As Darwin traveled to different islands, he noticed
many differences among organisms
Example: tortoises on each island had different
shaped shells
A
government official told Darwin that he could tell
which island a tortoise came from just by looking at the
shape of its shell
Galapagos Islands
Adaptations
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The finches on the islands were noticeably different
as well
Most obvious difference: sizes and shapes of the
birds’ beaks
Each showed that it was well suited for the life it led
 Finches
who ate insects had narrow, needle-like beaks
 Finches who ate seeds had strong, wide beaks
Galapagos Finches
Adaptations
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Beak shape is an example of an adaptation
An adaptation is a trait that helps an organism to
survive and reproduce
Other adaptations:
 Some
plants are poisonous or have a bad taste
 Some plants have bright colors to attract insects
Evolution


Darwin spent 20 years after his return from the
voyage consulting with other scientists and gathering
information
Darwin’s reasoning:
 That
plants and animals that arrived on the
Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were
different from those on the mainland. The species
gradually changed over many generations and
became better adapted to the new conditions
How did evolution occur?
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Darwin did not understand how evolution occurred
He studied other examples of changes in living things to help
him better understand
Offspring of animals produced by selective breeding
 He bred pigeons with large, fan-shaped tails
 By repeatedly allowing only those with many tail feathers to
mate, breeders had produced pigeons with 2 or 3 times the
usual number of tail feathers
Darwin thought that a similar process occurred in nature
 But what process
Natural Selection
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
The process by which individuals that are better
adapted to their environment are more likely to
survive and reproduce than other members of the
same species
Darwin described this theory in his book The Origin
of Species.
Factors that identify natural selection
1.
2.
3.
Overproduction
Competition
Variations
TURN TO PAGE 257: Look at the picture at the top of
the page
Overproduction
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Most species produce far more offspring than can
survive
In many species, so many offspring are produced
that there are not enough resources – food, water &
living space –for all of them
Example – many female insects lay thousands of
eggs; if all newly hatched insects survived, they
would soon crowd out all other plants and animals
Variations
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As you learned in genetics, members of a species
differ from one another in many of their traits
Any difference between individuals of the same
species is called a variation
Example – certain insects may be able to eat foods
that other insects of their species avoid; the color of
a few insects may be different from that of most
other insects in their species
Competition
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Since food and other resources are limited, the
members of a species must compete with each other
to survive
Competition does not always involve direct physical
fights between members of a species
Instead, competition is usually indirect
 Example
– many insects do not find enough to eat;
others are caught by predators
 Only
a few insects will survive
Selection
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Turn to page 258: look at the picture at the top of the
page
Some variations make individuals better adapted to
their environment
Those individuals are more likely to survive and
reproduce
Their offspring may inherit the helpful characteristics
The offspring, in turn, will be more likely to survive and
reproduce, which passes on to their offspring
After many generations, more members of the species
will have the helpful characteristics
Selection
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
The environment has “selected” organisms with
helpful traits to become parents of the next
generation
Darwin proposed that, over a long time, natural
selection can lead to change. Helpful variations
may gradually accumulate in a species, while
unfavorable ones may disappear
Environmental Change
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
A change in the environment can affect an
organism’s ability to survive, and can lead to
selection
Example: monkey flowers are a type of plant. Most
monkey flowers cannot grow in soil that has a high
concentration of copper. However, because of
genetic variation, some varieties of monkey flower
now grow near copper mines, in spite of the copper
in the soil
Environmental Change

How could this have happened?
 When
the soil around a mine first became
contaminated, a small number of monkey flower plants
may have been able to survive in the high level of
copper.
 These plants grew and reproduced
 After many generations, most of the seeds that
sprouted in the soil produced monkey flowers that could
withstand the copper
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Does natural selection occur today?
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
Yes
Example: what happens when pesticides are used to kill
harmful insects such as cockroaches?
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When a pesticide is first used in a building, it kills almost all the
insects.
But a few insects have traits that protect them from the pesticide
These insects survive
The surviving insects reproduce & some of their offspring inherit
the pesticide protection
Every time the pesticide is used, the only insects that survive are
those that are resistant to the harmful pesticide
The development of pesticide resistance is one type of evidence
that supports Darwin’s theory of evolution
Interpreting the Evidence

Fossils, patterns of early development, and similar
body structures all provide evidence that organisms
have changed over time
Similarities in Early Development
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Scientists also make inferences about evolutionary
relationships by comparing the early development
of different organisms
Suppose you were asked to compare an adult fish,
salamander, chicken, and opossum
You would probably say they look quite different
from each other
However, during early development, these 4
organisms are similar
Early Development
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Turn to page 263: Look at the early development
of the opossum, chicken, fish and salamander
During the early stages of development all 4
organisms have a tail and a row of tiny slits along
their throats.
These similarities suggest that these vertebrate
species are related and share a common ancestor
Similarities in Body Structure
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This is how Darwin cam to understand that evolution
had occurred on the Galapagos Islands
An organism’s body structure is its basic body plan
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all
have a similar body structure
 An
internal skeleton with a backbone
Similarities in Body Structure
Similarities in Body Structure
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This is why scientists classify all five groups of
animals together as vertebrates
All of these groups probably inherited a similar
structure from an early vertebrate ancestor that
they shared
TURN TO PAGE 264: Look at the picture at the top
of the dolphin, bird & dog
Similarities in Body Structure
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Sometimes scientists find fossils that support the
evidence provided by homologous structures
Example: scientists recently found fossils of ancient
whale-like creatures
 The
fossils show that the ancestors of today’s whales
had legs and walked on land
 This evidence supports other evidence that whales and
humans share a common ancestor
 What do you think?
Bellwork 1/16 – turn in when finished
and study for vocabulary quiz
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A plant with smooth seeds is crossed with a plant with wrinkled seeds.
All of the offspring have a smooth appearance. Which statement
explains why this occurred?
F. The offspring only received the genes from the parent with the
genotype for smoothness.
G. The offspring only received the genes from the parent with the
phenotype for smoothness.
H. The offspring received the genes from both parents, but the
genotype for smoothness dominates.
J. The offspring received the genes from both parents, but the
phenotype for smoothness dominates.
Bellwork 1/20
1.
Jared investigated chemical reactions based on smell,
color change, and release of bubbles. What type of
evidence would support any conclusion Jared makes?
F. An observation
G. An estimation
H. A calculation
J. A measurement
Review
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Darwin’s theory of evolution:
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Natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Adaptation to environment
Variation in species
Natural selection: over time advantageous traits will be
found in more of the population
Biological theory of evolution: characteristics of simpler
life-forms can be found in more complex life-forms
Trilobite fossils from different periods show small
changes in appearance in response to environmental
change
Review
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Organisms which are more favored in an environment
are more likely to survive
Adaptations in desert:
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Small animals burrow into the ground during the day to avoid
the sun’s heat and emerge only at night when temperatures
are lower
Some plants have long taproots, enabling them to penetrate
the water table deep within the ground
Many mammals have long tubes in their kidneys and produce
highly-concentrated urine to conserve water
Adaptations in aquatic environment

Plants have broad leaves that float near the surface to access
sunlight
Review
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Adaptations that allow birds to fly:
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Adaptations of crocodiles:
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New sets of teeth grow in to replace lost teeth
Adaptations to survive in the taiga:
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Feathers, wings, hollow bones
Needles do not need to be replaced every spring,
increasing the amount of energy available for the short
growing season
Adaptations of deep ocean organisms:

Able to withstand the high pressure of the water at
extreme depths, so when brought to the surface, their
bodies cannot cope with the relatively low pressure
Review
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Adaptation of camels in the desert:
2

rows of long eye lashes
Adaptation of giraffes:
 Longer

necks
Adaptation of mating in birds:
 Females
generally choose to mate with the
“showiest” males

Adaptation of plants in areas with little sunlight:
 Large
leaves
Review
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Sponges are unable to move and can reproduce
sexually or asexually
Bacteria can display the most significant adaptations
to their environment in the shortest period of time
What will likely happen to a species that lacks the
variation necessary to adapt to a changing
environment?
Adaptation is a term that describes a specially
developed characteristic that enables an organism to
live in a specific environment
Review


Asexual reproduction is one way organisms can
increase their rate of survival
Example of asexual reproduction in plants:
A
plant produces tiny plants around the edges of its
leaves that fall to the ground, take root and become
new plants

Most common negative result of asexual
reproduction in organisms who normally
reproduce sexually is ______
Study Guide Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
A group of similar
organisms that can mate
with each other and
produce fertile offspring.
A trait that helps an
organism survive and
reproduce.
The process by which
species gradually
change over time.
Theory: not proven right
or wrong; law: proven
true
5.
6.
7.
8.
Any difference between
individuals of the same
species.
Body parts that are
structurally similar in related
species; provide evidence
of a common ancestor.
A struggle for life in which
only those organisms best
adapted to existing
conditions are able to
survive and reproduce.
Emitting light
Study Guide Answers
9.
10.
11.
12.
The movement from one
location to another.
The relationship between
organisms of different
species in which both
organisms benefit from the
association.
Breeding 2 organisms with
desirable traits.
Taking a gene for a specific
trait from one organism and
injecting it into another
organisms DNA
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Breeding chickens to be
larger, breeding horses for
farm work, breeding dogs
for hunting.
More meat from animals,
faster/stronger animals,
larger crops.
Animal discomfort, loss of
genes, inbreeding.
Mouse with human ear, pig
with human organs, crops
with pest resistance.
Medical advantages, crops
being weed and pest
resistant, more meat
Study Guide Answers
18.
19.
20.
21.
Playing God,
accidental gene
transfer
They are not live
viruses
By choosing the seeds
from a hearty crop to
replant the next year
Accidental gene
transfer
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Characteristics of
simpler life forms can
be found in more
complex life forms.
Natural selection
Environmental changes
Dark moths were more
favored for survival in
that environment.
Deep in the ocean
Study Guide Answers
27.
28.
29.
30.
Camel, nocturnal
animals, plants with
long roots, animals
with long tubes in
kidneys
Broad leaves that
float toward surface
White
Natural selection
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Grow new set of
teeth
They cannot move on
their own
Bacteria
Tiny plants on edges
fall to ground and
become new plants
They do not lose their
needles
Study Guide Answers
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
They are adapted to
high pressure
2 rows of eyelashes
Helpful: increases
survival rate;
harmful: lack of
variation
To watch for
predators
Become extinct