Download Key Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and

WHAP Unit 4 Chapters 13, 14, 15 Reading Guide
92 X 2=184
39 X 5 =195
total: 379
Name: KEY
Date:
Hour:
Read Chapters 13, 14, and 15 and Identify the following:
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
1.Dona Marina:
Native American slave from an elite
background who in 1519 became
Cortes’s indispensable interpreter and
strategist. She accompanied him
during his conquest of the Aztec
Empire and bore him a son. After the
conquest she was married off to
another conquistador. Died c.1530
2. Hernan Cortes:
Spanish conquistador (1485-1547)
who led the expedition that
conquered the Aztec in modern
Mexico
3. The Great Dying:
Term used to describe the devastating
demographic impact of European
epidemic diseases on the Americas
4. The Columbian Exchange:
The massive trans-Atlantic interaction
and exchange between the Americas
and Afro-Eurasia that began in the
period of European exploration and
colonization
5. Mercantilism:
Economic view that European gov’ts
served their countries’ economic
interests best by encouraging exports
and accumulating bullion which were
believed to be the source of national
prosperity. Colonies served as closed
markets for the mother country.
6. Encomienda:
Legal system in which the Spanish
crown granted to particular Spanish
settlers a number of local native
people from whom they could require
labor, gold, or agricultural produce
and to whom they owed “protection”
and instruction in the Christian faith.
7. Repartimiento:
System that replaced encomienda
34. Vasco da Gama:
Portuguese sailor/explorer who sailed
around Africa to India
35. “trading post empire”:
Form of imperial dominance based on
control of trade rather than on control
of subject peoples
36. cartaz:
A Pass for merchant vessels in the
Indian Ocean issued by the
Portuguese
37. Philip II:
King of Spain (1556-1598)
38. Ferdinand Magellan:
Portuguese mariner who sailed
around the world for Spain (15191521)
39. Manila:
Capital of Philippines
40. British East India Company:
Private trading company chartered by
the government of England around
1600. They were given monopolies on
Indian Ocean trade; including the right
to make war and to rule conquered
peoples.
41. Dutch East India Company:
Private trading company chartered by
the government of the Netherlands
around 1600. They were given
monopolies on Indian Ocean trade;
including the right to make war and to
rule conquered peoples.
42. Daimyo:
Feudal lords of Japan
43. Samurai:
Japanese warriors during feudal times,
similar to knights, followed bushido
44. Shogun:
In Japan, supreme military
commander
45. Tokugawa shogunate:
55. The Reformation:
Schism within Christianity that had its
formal beginning in 1517 with the
German priest Martin Luther. The
movement was radically innovative in
its challenge to Church authority and
its endorsement of salvation “by faith
alone”
56. Martin Luther:
Monk who started the Reformation by
writing the Ninety-five Theses
57. Ninety-five Theses:
List of 95 issues that Luther had with
the RCC including indulgences,
salvation by faith alone, interpreting
the Bible, character and activities of
the clergy, etc
58. Indulgences:
Sold by RCC as a way to remove
penalties of sin
59. Printing Press:
Invented by Gutenberg around 1450,
helped spread the Reformation
60. Protestants:
any of a group of German princes and
cities presenting a defense of freedom
of conscience against an edict of the
Diet of Spires in 1529 intended to
suppress the Lutheran movement
61. Huguenots:
French Protestants
62. Thirty Years’ War:
(1618-1648) War between Catholics
and Protestants in Europe, mainly HRE
63. Edict of Nantes:
Issued by Henry IV of France in 1598,
religious tolerance for Huguenots until
they return to the RCC
64. Peace of Westphalia:
End of Thirty Years’ War, each state is
sovereign in religious affairs
65. Catholic/Counter Reformation:
that required labor for shorter
amounts of time, usually several
weeks.
8. Hacienda:
Labor system in the 1600s, replaced
repartimiento, laborers were
employed directly by large estate
owners, peons had little control over
their own lives
9. Peninsulares:
In the Spanish colonies of Latin
America, the term used to refer to
people who had been born in Spain,
they claimed superiority over
Spaniards born in the Americas
10. Creoles:
Spaniards born in the New World,
wealthy and elite but could not hold
highest offices, resented peninsulares
11. Mestizo:
Literally “mixed”, a term used to
describe the mixed-race population of
Spanish colonial societies in the
Americas.
12. Castas:
Castes, classes based on color of skin
13. Indians:
What Europeans called the indigenous
peoples of Americas
14. Brazil:
Colony of Portugal, dominated sugar
production for a time
15. Haiti:
French Caribbean colony, known for
sugar production, large amount of
African slaves
16. Mulattoes:
Term commonly used for people of
mixed African and European blood
17. Settler colonies:
Colonies in which the colonizing
people settled in large numbers,
rather than simply sending relatively
small numbers to exploit the region;
particularly noteworthy in the case of
the British colonies in North America
18. Russian Empire:
Centered on Moscow, became world’s
largest state, expanded westward and
into Siberia during this time
19. “soft gold”:
Nickname used in the early modern
period for animal furs, highly valued
Military rulers of Japan who
successfully unified Japan politically
by the early seventeenth century and
established a “closed door” policy
toward European encroachments
46. Silver trade:
Global network of exchange of the
metal, “went round the world, made
world go round”, sustained and direct
link between Americas and Asia
47. Potosi:
City that developed high in the Andes
at the site of the world’s largest silver
mine and that became the largest city
in the Americas, with a population of
some 160,000 in 1570s
48. Fur trade:
Caused in part by Little Ice Age, North
America and Siberia brought in, truly
global, depletion of fur-bearing
animals, mainly native Americans did
the hunting and trapping
49. Little Ice Age:
A period of cooling temperatures and
harsh winters
50. Atlantic Slave trade:
Generally 1500-1866, an estimate of
12.5 million people Africans were
moved to Americas to be slaves
51. Slavs in slave trade:
Slavic-speaking people were used in
slave trade in Mediterranean region,
slave comes from slav
52. Middle Passage:
The movement of African slaves
across the Atlantic, the second part of
the triangular trade, many died,
horrible conditions
53. Kingdom of Dahomey:
West African kingdom, exploited the
slave trade
54. Queen Nzinga:
(1626-1663) queen of Matamba in
Africa, resisted Portuguese takeover
An internal reform of the Catholic
Church in the sixteenth century.
Catholic leaders clarified doctrine,
corrected abuses and corruption, and
put a new emphasis on education and
accountability
66. Council of Trent:
(1545-1563) RCC reaffirmed beliefs
attacked by Luther/Protestants and
also cracked down on abuses and
corruption
67. Society of Jesus (Jesuits):
Priests dedicated to the renewal of
RCC and spreading Catholicism
68. Taki Onqoy:
Literally “dancing sickness”, a religious
revival movement in central Peru in
the 1560s whose members preached
the imminent destruction of
Christianity
69. Cofradias:
Church-based associations of lay
people who took care of local church
and community rituals and religious
ceremonies
70. Matteo Ricci:
Famous Jesuit missionary in China
from 1582-1610, learned Chinese and
Confucian texts, dressed like Chinese
71. Wahhabi movement:
Major Islamic movement led by the
Muslim theologian Abd al Wahhab
(1703-1792) that advocated an
austere lifestyle and strict adherence
to the sharia
72. Neo-Confucianism:
Beginning during the Song dynasty,
beliefs of Buddhism and Daoism put
on a Confucian framework
73. Kaozheng:
Chinese intellectual movement whose
practitioners emphasized the
importance of evidence and analysis
74. The Dream of the Red Chamber:
Popular fiction, 120 chapters, over
400 characters, discussed elite family
in 18th century China
75. Bhakti movement:
Devotional form of Hindu, songs,
prayers, poems, dances; set aside
caste distinctions; direct contact with
divine (like Sufism in Islam)
76. Sikhism:
for their warmth and as symbols of
elite status. In several regions, the fur
trade generated massive wealth for
those engaged in it.
20. Tsar/Czar:
King of Russia, absolute ruler, caesar
21. Yasak:
Tribute that Russian rulers demanded
from the native peoples of Siberia,
most often in the form of furs
22. Cossacks:
Bands of independent warriors made
of peasants and criminals
23. Peter the Great:
Czar known for westernization of
Russia (1689-1725)
24. Catherine the Great:
Enlightened despot of Russia (17621796)
25. Qing dynasty of China:
Ruling dynasty of China from 16441912, the Qing rulers were originally
from Manchuria, which had
conquered China
26. Mughal Empire:
One of the most successful empires of
India, a state founded by Muslim
Turks who invaded India in 1526; their
rule was noted for efforts to create
partnerships between Hindus and
Muslims
27. Akbar:
The most famous emperor of India’s
Mughal Empire( r. 1556-1605); his
policies are noted for their efforts at
religious tolerance and inclusion
28. Aurangzeb:
Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who
reversed his predecessors’ policies of
religious tolerance and attempted to
impose Islamic supremacy
29. Ottoman Empire:
Major Islamic state centered on
Anatolia that came to include the
Balkans, the Near East, and much of
North Africa
30. 1453:
Constantinople, the capital and almost
the only outpost left of the Byzantine
Empire, fell to the army of the
Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the
conqueror”, marked the end of
Christian Byzantium
Religious tradition of northern India
that combines elements of Hinduism
and Islam
77. The Scientific Revolution:
Intellectual and cultural
transformation that took place from
mid 1500s to early 1700s, information
based on experimentation and
research, questioned ideas of the RCC
78. Nicolaus Copernicus:
Polish mathematician and astronomer
who was the first to argue for the
existence of a heliocentric cosmos
79. Galileo Galilei:
Italian who invented the Telescope,
was put under house arrest for
supporting Copernicus’ heliocentric
theory
80. Rene Descartes:
“Cogito Ergo Sum” French philosopher
who believed in human reason,
analytical geometry
81. Sir Isaac Newton:
English natural scientist whose
formulation of the laws of motion and
mechanics is regarded as the
culmination of the Scientific
Revolution, calculus
82. Johannes Kepler:
German mathematician, elliptical
orbits, laws of planetary motion
83. The Enlightenment:
European intellectual movement of
the eighteenth century that applied
the lessons of the Scientific Revolution
to human affairs
84. Adam Smith:
Father of Capitalism, laws of
economics, Scottish
85. Immanuel Kant:
German intellectual, “Dare to know”,
use your own understanding
86. John Locke:
People are naturally good, can learn
from experiences, people can govern
themselves, against absolute
monarchy, English
87. Voltaire:
Pen name of the French philosopher
whose work is often taken as a model
of Enlightenment questioning of
traditional values and attitudes
88. Deism:
31. Balkans:
Area of Southeastern Europe above
Greece
32. Devshirme:
The tribute of boy children that the
Ottoman Turks levied from their
Christian subjects in the Balkans; the
Ottomans raised the boys for service
in the civil administration or in the
elict Janissary infantry corps
33. Janisseries:
Elite military force of the Ottoman
turks
Key Concept 4.1
Belief in an abstract remote god who
creates things but has no personal
relationship with humans or their
daily lives
89. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
The Social Contract, women are
inferior to men
90. Mary Wollstonecraft:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,
English writer, women should be
educated as men are
91. Romantic art movement:
In response to Enlightenment, against
too much reasoning, focused on
emotion, passion and imagination
92. “Dutch learning”:
Japan allowed only the Dutch to trade
with them and the Dutch brought in
many western ideas/beliefs
Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
I .In the context of the new global
circulation of goods, there was an
intensification of all existing regional trade
networks that brought prosperity and
economic disruption to the merchants and
governments.
Indian Ocean: Portugal created trading post empire, silver trade, spices,
British and Dutch East Indies Cos.
Mediterranean: continued trade, Italians had most control, slave
trade/Slavs
Sahara: Slave trade to Mediterranean for metal goods, firearms, tobacco,
etc.
Overland Eurasia: Siberia/fur trade, traditional Silk Roads continued, Silver
trade=China wanted silver
II. European technological developments
in cartography and navigation built on
previous knowledge developed in the
classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds
Astrolabe: Navigation tool, latitude and longitude
Revised Maps: with new discovery and colonization more reliable and
exact maps could be created on the Americas
Caravels: Sailing ships, triangular sails, sail into wind, for exploration
III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. (EXPLORATION)
A. China
Zheng He in Indian Ocean basin, treasure fleets (Ming)
B. Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator, Atlantic islands, west coast of Africa (Dias),
into Indian Ocean to India (Vasco da Gama), trading post empire, across
Atlantic to Caribbean and founding Brazil
C. Spain
Across Atlantic to Americas (Columbus and others with him) new colonies/
New Spain in Americas, conquered Aztec and Incas, Magellan’s
circumnavigation, colonization of Philippines, Manila galleons crossing
Pacific from Mexico to Philippines
D. North Atlantic Crossings
English-Colonization, 13 Colonies
French-claiming of land, lost it in French and Indian War, La Salle, fur-trade
Dutch-Henry Hudson
E. In Oceania and Polynesia
Cook
spices
IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver
from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued
to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed
by European merchants.
A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade Portuguese control Indian Ocean, “trading post empire”, British East India
Company, Dutch East India Company, Dutch in Japan, supply Silver, spices
B. Commercialization and the creation of a
global economy were intimately
connected to new global circulation of
silver from the Americas.
C. Joint-stock companies
Silver mined in Americas (85%) and Japan, used to purchase goods for
Europeans, China wanted it (mercantilism) Philippines
Harsh conditions for native Americans in mines
D. The Atlantic
Plantations on Atlantic islands near Europe, Slave Trade across
Atlantic/Triangular Trade
Creates more colonization, global economy
Companies that received charters to create colonies in New World. Less
risk
V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange
A. Spread of disease
Americans were not immune to Smallpox, killed millions, depleted
population “The Great Dying”
Measles, diptheria
B. American foods became staple crops in Corn, potato, peanuts, sweet potatoes, chocolate
various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Cash crops were grown primarily on
plantations with coerced labor and were
Sugar, tobacco, cotton
exported mostly to Europe and the Middle
East in this period.
(see Columbian Exchange list)
C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar,
Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats
and domesticated animals were brought
by Europeans to the Americas, while other
foods were brought by African slaves.
Okra, yams, rice, bananas
D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted
nutritionally from the increased diversity
of American food crops.
Calories from foods such as corn and potatoes help grow population
E. European colonization and the
As Europeans settle and create plantations they use the land. They must
introduction of European agriculture and
cut down trees to provide arable land. Cash crops being grown in the
settlements practices in the American
same places every year leads to soil depletion.
often affected the physical environment
Mining, use of natural resources
through deforestation and soil depletion.
VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within
hemispheres expanded the spread of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.
A. Islam
Sikhism
Wahhabi movement
B. Christianity including the Reformation
Schism in Catholic Church caused by ideas expressed by Martin Luther in
95 Theses. (Salvation by faith alone, pope is not authority, everyone can
read and interpret Bible, against indulgences, etc.)
Counter-Reformation=Council of Trent
Jesuits in China
Spread of Christianity to Americas. Encomienda system.
Puritans, religious freedom as reason for colonization in North America
Missions (RCC and Jesuits)
Spread of Eastern Orthodox Church with expansion of Russia
Deism and pantheism in contrast to Christianity
Scientific Revolution challenged ideas of the RCC
Religious tolerance and freedoms in Enlightenment
Thirty Years’ War and Peace of Westphalia
Protestants
C. Buddhism
Neo-Confucianism
D. Syncretic and new forms of religion
developed.
Sikhism
Neo-Confucianism
Andean and Mexican styles of Christianity, Taki Onquoy, veneration of
saints in local communities
VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts,
even for popular audiences, increased.
A. Innovations in visual and performing
“spectacle” as described by Louis XIV, festivals
arts
Baroque=movement, chiaroscuro, naturalism
Architecture=Palace of Versailles
Wood block prints in Japan
“How to” art manuals in China
B. Literacy expanded and was
Scientists of Revolution, Enlightenment philosophes’ writings
accompanied by the proliferation of
Novels in China like the Dream of the Red Chamber
popular authors, literary forms, and
Printing Press! Gutenberg
works of literature in Afro-Eurasia.
Gutenberg Bible, writings of Luther and other Protestants
Protestant Reformation encouraging reading of the Bible
Key Concept 4.2
New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These
changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
A. Peasant labor intensified in many
All over especially new world, except New World will have slavery
regions
Russia
Economy/trade is growing therefore more work
B. Slavery in Africa
European traders would exchange goods on coast for slaves captured
inland, slaves brought to Americas through Middle Passage, trade in New
World for raw goods to take back to Europe
Also, to Mediterranean and Indian Ocean
C. The growth of the plantation economy
Starts with sugar plantations, then goes into other cash crops like tobacco,
increased the demand for slaves in the
cotton
Americas.
Also seen in mining in central and South America
D. Colonial economies in the Americas
Encomienda, repartimiento (Incan “Mita”), slavery, indentured servitude
depended on a range of coerced labor.
II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.
A. Both imperial conquests and widening
Peninsulares and Creoles
global economic opportunities contributed
to the formation of new political and
economic elites.
B. The power of existing political and
economic elites fluctuated as they
confronted new challenges to their ability
to affect the policies of the increasingly
powerful monarchs and leaders.
C. Some notable gender and family
restructuring occurred, including the
demographic changes in Africa that
resulted from the slave trades.
D. The massive demographic changes in
the Americas resulted in new ethnic and
racial classifications.
Key Concept 4.3
Janissaries
Czar
Enlightened Despots
Protestant princes and other monarchs who supported Reformation
Shogun, samurai—military and daimyo in Japan
Absolute Monarchs and aristocracy/nobility challenged by Enlightenment
Zamindars in Mughal empire
Women in Africa: roles in politics, household slaves, elite women could
have more power
Women outnumbered men due to slave trade
More literacy for women due to Reformation, read Bibles
Bhakti movement: disregarded caste system
Spanish colonial castas: Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes,
Indian, Africas, etc.
Slavery based on color of skin/race
State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.
A. Rulers used the arts to display political Wearing of furs
power and to legitimize their rule.
portraits, court painters
Architecture--palaces
building of Mosques
B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas
Divine right, mandate of heaven
to legitimize their rule.
Protestant Reformation: princes of HRE gained authority over Pope
through this revolution in religious thought
In colonies: Our god in stronger than your god…..
C. States treated different ethnic and
religious groups in ways that utilized their
economic contributions while limiting their
ability to challenge the authority of the
state.
D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic
elites, as well as the development of
military professionals, became more
common among rulers who wanted to
maintain centralized control over their
populations and resources.
E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax
farming to generate revenue for territorial
expansion.
Devshirme: Ottoman Turks took Christian boys to serve as Janissaries
Manchu treatment of Chinese
Religious tolerance of Akbar, and intolerance by Aurangzeb (hindus)
Spanish colonies: castas/class system
Treatment of African slaves
Standing armies
Japan: daimyo, shogun, samurai….. cutting off trade except for Dutch
Chinese exam system
Spanish peninsulares
Furs in Siberia to Russians, Yasaks
Portuguese: cartaz in Indian Ocean
China: tax in silver
Peter the Great in Russia: beard tax
Mita
II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in
both hemispheres.
A. Establishment of new trading-post
Portugal!
empires in Africa and Asia
Joint-stock companies
B. Land empires expanded dramatically in
size.
Manchus: taking over or “unifying” Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet
Mughals: farther south, incorporating smaller states
Ottomans: into Balkans, threatened western Europe (as far as Vienna)
Russians: westward and also into Siberia
C. European states established new
maritime empires in the Americas.
Spain, Portugal (Brazil), England, France for awhile
III. Competition over trade routes, state
rivalries, and local resistance all provided
significant challenges to state
consolidation and expansion.
Mercantilism
Portuguese made others have pass/cartaz and pay taxes for trade in Indian
Ocean
Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
Samurai revolts