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Exploration and Expansion
I.
Voyages of Discovery
A. Main Idea
1. During the ________ and ________ European explorers—
inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided
by new __________________ — sailed to many previously
unknown lands.
B. Foundations of Exploration
1. Renaissance spirit of ______________ and innovation in Europe
- period is sometimes called the __________________________.
2. Drive to Explore: search for ____________ - flow of goods
controlled by ______________ merchants - also blocked by ___
3. New Routes: hoped to find new, faster routes to __________ to
gain __________ foothold; some set out to find ________, glory.
4. Other explorers hoped to spread their __________ into new lands
- another motive - simple curiosity – inspired by writings like __
C. Advances in Technology
1. Navigation: ____________ brought to Europe from __________
- ______________ from Muslims - chart location based on sun,
stars in relation to ____________.
2. Shipbuilding: ________________ ships could withstand heavier
waves – rode lower in water and had larger cargo holds.
3. Shipbuilding: ____________, light, fast sailing ship; two features
made it highly maneuverable: ____________ and ____________
sails – lateen; equipped with weapons.
D. Explorers from Portugal and Spain
1. The __________________ were first country to launch largescale voyages of exploration.
2. Prince _____________________________ - patron, supporter of
those who wished to explore. Early 1400s: established ________
Court - ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to ______
- Vasco da __________ (1497–1499).
3. 1488, _________________________ became first to sail around
southern tip of Africa.
4. Portugal established __________ centers; became rich, powerful
European nation
5. 1492, __________________________; 1493, returned to Spain Spanish believed Columbus found new route to ________, hailed
him as hero.
6. 1502 Explorer _______________________ sailed coast of South
America - not Asia.
7. 1513, Núñez de Balboa - _________________ - Spanish realized
they needed to cross another ocean to reach Asia.
8. 1519, __________________________ set out for Spain with five
ships, 250 men - 1522, 18 survivors of original fleet arrived back
in Spain, first to ________________________ world.
II.
E. Explorers from the Rest of Europe
1. 1497, first major ____________ voyage of discovery launched.
2. 1577, _______________________ – sailed north to seek route
around North America; weather too cold, headed ______ around
the world to get back to England - ____________ man to
circumnavigate the globe.
3. The English and French sent explorers to look for ___________.
Conquest and Colonies
A. Main Idea
1. The countries of Europe established ______________ in the
lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently
_______________ the native people who lived there.
B. Spain Builds an Empire
1. Spain ________ to successfully settle in the Americas - first
areas settled by Spanish, __________________ islands.
2. Spanish introduced ________________ system: Colonist given
________ and Native Americans to work the land - required to
teach native workers about ________________.
3. Mistreatment, overwork, and diseases took toll on ___________.
4. 1519, __________________ led expedition to Mexico, ended
with conquest of __________.
5. 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, _____________________ led
expedition to Peru and conquered the ____________ Empire.
C. French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas
1. __________ and ________ from American colonies began to
circulate in Europe. Leaders in France, England, and the
_________________ decided that they needed to establish
colonies in the Americas.
2. French explorers established colonies in ___________________
(Canada). Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver –
found fish, furs - little __________________ – traders.
3. New _________________ did not grow - focused on developing
colonies in other parts of world. Other colonies more profitable Caribbean __________, _________ spices more valuable.
D. The English Colonies
1. ________, first English colony established at _______________
- _______ of settlers died during first winter in America - Colony
still endured.
2. 1620, __________ sailed from England - persecuted for religious
beliefs - established colony at ______________, Massachusetts.
3. Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in ___________
territory, upper Ohio River valley; 1754 – __________________
4. War costly for ____________ – king tried to ______ colonists –
led to _________________________.
III.
New Patterns of Trade
A. Main Idea
1. The creation of colonies in the Americas and elsewhere led to the
_____________ of new types of goods, the establishment of new
patterns of trade, and new _____________ systems in Europe.
B. The Columbian Exchange
1. Voyages launched large-scale ___________ between Europe and
Americas.
2. Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange
of plants, animals, and disease—the ______________________.
3. Exchange of foods, animals had _____________ impact on later
societies.
4. Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of
_______________ - new foods provided substantial nutrition,
helped people ________ longer.
5. Scholars estimate ________ of all food crops grown in world are
of _______________ origin.
6. Introduction of new ____________ in the Americans: Smallpox,
measles, influenza, malaria killed millions – no natural _______,
devastated native population.
C. Mercantilism
1. 1500s, Europeans developed new economic policy, __________.
2. Nation’s strength depended on its ___________ - wealthy nation
had power for _____________ and expanded _______________.
3. Mercantilism led to intense ________________ between nations.
4. Mercantilists built wealth two ways—extract gold, silver from
mines at home, colonies; sell more goods than it bought from
foreign countries = favorable ________________________.
5. Favorable balance of trade - country received more gold, silver
from other nations than it paid to them - increased its power;
weakened foreign competitors
6. ____________ on imports; encouraged exports that could sell for
higher prices than raw materials; controlled ___________.
7. Building _______________ empires essential to mercantilist
system – control of resources.
D. The Rise of Capitalism
1. During this time, ______________ expanded: economic activity
carried on by private individuals, organizations in order to seek
profit.
2. Investors took risks of investing in overseas trade because of
______________ - caused by rising demand for goods and
increase of _____________ supply.
E. A New Business Organization
1. Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual
investors - investors began pooling money in _______________.
IV.
2. British ___________________________, one of first joint-stock
companies.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
A. Main Idea
1. Between the 1500s and the 1800s millions of ___________ were
captured, shipped across the ____________ Ocean, and sold as
slaves in the Americas.
B. Origins of the Slave Trade and Trade Network
1. Shortage of _________ in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic
slave trade – laborers needed for _________________.
2. Planters first used Native Americans; European _____________
killed millions. Eventually, slaves taken from coast of ________
Africa.
3. Captured Africans became part of network called the _________
- __________ leg, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be
exchanged for slaves, Second leg, ________________________,
brought Africans to Americas to be sold, third leg carried
American products to Europe.
C. Slavery in the Colonies
1. Spanish—Caribbean sugar plantations; Portuguese—Brazil;
English—West Indies but also to colonies in North America.
2. ____________ dominated the slave trade by end of 1600s; most
worked on ________________.
3. Laws in Americas considered enslaved Africans to be ________
- slaves had no rights, freedoms.
4. Slaves coped with inhumane conditions many different ways:
_______ traditions, religion, working slower, running away, etc.
5. As result of slave trade, people of African descent and their
culture spread throughout Americas, Western Europe ____________________________.