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• Locates Turkey within the World-System • Does not limit the cases but disciplines the comparative analysis Two possible comparisons: • Understand and discuss general characteristics of semi-periphery • Assess the importance and show the mediation of other socio-historical factors. • Wars • State structures • Colonial and Imperial Legacies • Religion • Political choices • Centrality of state • Autonomy (to change the position within the world-system • To protect the wealthy classes • Fierce and explosive class struggles to obtain scarce resources • The pendulum between authoritarianism and parliamentarism • Basic criticism: An ephemeral category given • the polarization in the world economy • Convergence in the world economy • Turkey, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, South Africa stable countries in the semiperiphery (despite many differences) • Spain from semi-periphery to core/Iran an unstable semiperipheral country (despite many similarities) Imperial Legacy Capital Accumulation Class Struggles and Revolutions Identities Ideologies Political Choices • Impact on • Nationalism • Class Struggle • Citizenship • Core and peripheral Rulers • Core and peripheral populations • Dictatorial relationship between core and periphery (Resource Transfer) Capitalist or Feudal Patrimonial Overseas Continental Britain, Spain, France Germany Habsburg Russia Ottoman Empire Chinese Persian • Defining Feature: Absence of private property • Problem of Civil Society • Classes • Feudalism: Lord – Serf • Patrimonialism: State class –the people (reaya) • • • • • • Center periphery conflict Coalition in the periphery Separatism A reconquest of the Center China: Ming Dynasty Ottoman Empire: Mohammed Ali Pasha • Traditional Methods: • Rotation • Expropriation • Equal distance from any local culture • Bureaucratic Centralism • Imitate European bureaucratic states • Russia and Ottoman Empire after the 19th century • Fierce interstate competition • National question • Incompatibility of centralization and the national question • Loss of Capital • Loss of Labor Force • Impact on the National Question and Seperatist Demands Labor Unrest Industrialization and Capital Accumulation Proletarianization Democratization Revolution Repressive Regimes Emergence of bourgeoisie in the periphery Seperatism • Speed matters • No absorbing middle class • A non-hegemonic non-assertive and dependent bourgeoisie • Might be a solution for the first crisis dynamic • However it intensifies seperatist movements • With growing centralization the state’s ability to postpone crisis and smash social unrest increases • Both the violence of movement and state’s repressive capacity increase • Peaceful and reformist solutions become unlikely Capital Accumulation Sluggish or No Industrialization Not-Centralized Habsburg Empire Iran Successful Centralization Russian Empire Ottoman Empire DISINTEGRATION BORDERS PRESERVED RELATIVELY PEACEFUL HABSBURG IRAN CIVIL WAR OTTOMAN RUSSIA • Empires could be ranked in their centralization attempts like following: • In Iran the Empires were traditionally weak. Emperors could not control and eradicate all aspects of the civil society • For Habsburg Dynasty to survive Habsburg Empire had to be flexible and decentral from the beginning • Ottoman Empire and Russia followed the opposite path • Because of rapid proletarianization process class outweighed national and ethnic differences • Class enabled to establish a new identity and to preserve the existing borders • In Ottoman case disintegration accompaniying the centralization process slowed down the capital accumulation and proletarianization process • Given the bourgeoisie bureaucracy bifurcation ethnic differences became even more important. • Successful centralization made successful population engineering possible • Difference between Iran and Habsburg Empire: The slow tempo of capital accumulation in Iran slowed down the emergence of peripheral bourgeoisies.
