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Ecology Key Concepts: Ecosystem Organization Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors Energy Flow Food Chains & Food Webs Energy Pyramids 10% Rule How Organisms Obtain Energy Habitats vs. Niches Biomes & Climate Organism Relationships Types of Symbioses 1’ vs. 2’ Succession Population Growth Logistic vs. Exponential Growth Human Impacts Biogeochemical Cycles- water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur What I Need to Know/Be able to do: Distinguish the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Describe the levels of biological organization. Use food chains, food webs, energy and biomass pyramids to show how energy flows through ecosystems. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Differentiate between an organisms habitat and niche. Evaluate the potential ecological impacts of a plant-based or meat-based diet. Identify the ultimate energy source for Earth. Describe how nutrients move through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. Compare the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, water, sulfur, phosphorus and oxygen.) Classify organism symbioses. Graph and interpret population growth curves. Explain the concepts of carrying capacity and limiting factors. Analyze and interpret data about the impact of removing keystone species from an ecosystem or introducing non-native species into an ecosystem Explain the trends in human population growth. Describe several factors that could limit or decrease biodiversity. Explain how human activities affect the environment. Describe how ecosystems change over time. Explain how biotic and abiotic factors function as limiting factors within an ecosystem. Organism interactions + means “benefits” - means “harmed” 0 means “no affect” + means “benefits” - means “harmed” 0 means “no affect” Predation + predator prey Competition Competitor 1 Competitor 2 Parasitism + parasite host Mutualism + + Organism 1 Organism 2 Commensalism + 0 Organism 1 Organism 2 Ammensalism 0 Organism 1 Organism 2 https://sites.google.com/site/mrsbonesbiologysite/home/unit-1-nature-of-science Ecology terms Term ecology biosphere biome Science definition A branch of biology that deals with the distribution, abundance and interactions of living organisms at the level of communities, populations, and ecosystems, as well as at the global scale. 1) The part of the earth where living things exist. (2) The part of the earth (or planet) that is capable of supporting life. A major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental condition on a large geographic area in which they occur. Terrestrial land, - tundra, taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests etc. What it means Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc. Ecosystem Community Population Habitat A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. An ecosystem is made up of plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, minerals, water sources and the local atmosphere interacting with one another. An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or populations of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time (e.g. deer population). (1) Place where an organism or a biological population normally lives or occurs. (2) The location or environment where an organism (or a thing) is most likely to be found, e.g. the body part of the host of a parasite as in the scalp of the host is the habitat of a head louse. (3) The home to a particular organism where the species will attempt to be as adaptive as possible to that particular environment Niche (ecology) (1) The specific area where an organism inhabits. Abiotic (2) The role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem Abiotic non-living things or components of the environment Abiotic factor A non-living chemical or physical factor in the environment such as soil, pH, forest fire, etc. Definition noun, plural: abiotic factors A non-living chemical or physical factor in the environment, such as soil, pH, forest fire, etc. Supplement Abiotic factors may be grouped into the following main categories: Biotic Food chain climatic factors - include sunlight, humidity, temperature, atmosphere, etc. Biotic living things or components of the environment Biotic factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment in which the action of the organism affects the life of another organism, for example a predator consuming its prey. A feeding hierarchy in which organisms in an ecosystem are grouped into trophic (nutritional) levels and are shown in a succession to represent the flow of food energy and the feeding relationships between them. Supplement The directional flow of materials and energy from one organism to another is graphically represented by arrows. For example: trees and shrubs (producer) → giraffe (herbivore) → lion (carnivore). Most food chains have only about four to five links since too many links in a food chain will result in high demand, less supply of food (and therefore energy). Food web Tropic level herbivores carnivores omnivore predators prey A food web is a graphical model depicting the many food chains linked together to show the feeding relationships of organisms in an ecosystem. It differs from a food chain in a way that the latter is a linear system showing a succession of organisms whereby each species is eaten in turn by another species. Food web is a more complex network of what-eats-what in a particular ecosystem. The position that an organism occupies in a food chain or food web is called the trophic level. The two main categories of trophic levels are the autotrophs and the heterotrophs. The autotrophs are those organisms that are capable of producing organic matter from inorganic materials, e.g. carbon dioxide, and utilizing energy, e.g. light energy from the sun. Photosynthetic organisms such as plants are an example of an autotroph. In a food chain, they are also referred to as the producers. The heterotrophs are those organisms that rely on other organisms to obtain organic matter because they lack the ability as that in autotrophs. The heterotrophs feed on organisms for nourishment. They include the herbivores, carnivores or predators, and omnivores. Nevertheless, there are autotrophs that feed on other organisms to partially obtain organic matter directly from other organisms, such as carnivorous plants. They are called mixotrophs. Other feeding relations in a food web include scavenging and parasitism. A position in a food chain or Ecological Pyramid occupied by a group of organisms with similar feeding mode Plant eaters Meat eaters animal that includes both plants and animals in its normal diet predators are those animals that live by preying on other organisms for food. Many predators hunt and eventually kill their prey, such as lion preying upon a buffalo, mantis eating a bee, baleen whale consuming millions of microscopic planktons, etc the animal being hunted; The organisms being eaten Producer ) An autotrophic organism capable of producing complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules through the process of photosynthesis (using light energy) or through chemosynthesis (using chemical energy). 1 (2) The first trophic level in a food chain in which it serves as a food source for consumers or for higher trophic levels. Consumer An organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms or organic matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture own food from inorganic sources; a heterotroph. Any of the organisms in all trophic levels in a food chain, except for producers. In a food chain, the levels of consumers are: primary consumers – herbivores that feed on producers secondary consumers – consumers that feed on primary consumers and/or producers tertiary consumers – consumers that feed on secondary and primary consumers, as well as on producers Decomposer An organism whose ecological function involves the recycling of nutrients by performing the natural process of decomposition as it feeds on dead or decaying organisms. Examples of decomposers are fungi and bacteria that obtain their nutrients from dead plant or animal material. autotrophs A organism capable of making nutritive organic molecules from inorganic sources via photosynthesis (involving light energy) or chemosynthesis (involving chemical energy based on methane or sulfer compounds). Supplement Autotrophs are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on land or algae in water. Autotrophs may be photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs. heterotrophs An organism that is unable to synthesize its own organic carbonbased compounds from inorganic sources, hence, feeds on organic matter produced by, or available in, other organisms. Supplement Heterotrophs are the consumers in the food chain, particularly the herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. All animals, some fungi and most bacteria are heterotrophs. They are not capable of producing their own food. Therefore, they obtain their energy requirements by feeding on organic matter or another organism. 10% rule Only 10% of energy is stored (the rest is lost or used up) when an organism from one level of the Ten Percent Rule: What do primary producers do? Most primary producers turn light energy into food through photosynthesis Ten Percent Rule: What happens when a first level consumer eats a primary producer? Ten Percent Rule: What happens to the other 90% of energy not stored in the consumer's The consumer gets energy from the producer, but only 10% of the energy in the producer that was consumed gets stored as energy in the body of the animal that eats it. Pyramid of Energy is eaten by an organism from one level above. Most of the energy that isn't stored is lost as heat or is used up by the body as it processes the organism that was eaten. body? Symbiosis Mutualism Parasitism Commensalisms Predation Competition Primary succession Anton de Bary's original definition says: a long-term relationship between two different species. The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other. A relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other. An example is the hermit crab whose shell offers a niche for anemones to exist in which the anemone can defend the crab with its stinging capabilies. benefit for both benefit for one, hurts for the other benefit for one neutral for the other A form of symbiotic relationship between two organisms of unlike species in which one of them acts as predator that captures and feeds on the other organism that serves as the prey. (1) A symbiotic relationship between or among living things for resources, such as food, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc. An ecological succession that occurs following an opening of uninhabited, barren habitat or that occurs on an environment that is devoid of vegetation and usually lacking topsoil. Supplement An example of primary succession is the initial development of plant or animal communities in an area where no soil initially exists (such as caused by a lava flow following volcanic eruption or severe landslide that covered the land). The primary succession is important in pioneering the area to create conditions favorable for the growth of other forms of plants and animals. Secondary succession The ecological succession that occurs on a preexisting soil after the primary succession has been disrupted or destroyed due to a disturbance that reduced the population of the initial inhabitants. Supplement Pioneer species Keystone species Carrying capacity An example of secondary succession is the development of new inhabitants to replace the previous community of plants and animals that has been disrupted or disturbed by an event (e.g. forest fire, flood, harvesting, epidemic disease, pest attack, etc.). A species of which the members tend to be among the first to occupy bared ground; these plants are often intolerant of competition and esp of shading, and may be crowded out as the community develops, keystone species is one whose impact on its community or ecosystem is disproportionately large relative to its abundance. The classic example is a starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) in the rocky intertidal of the Pacific Northwest: the prairie dog in the American Great Plains The number of individuals of a particular species capable of surviving in a particular environment over long periods of time, and dependent on the effects of the limiting factors Supplement In biology, the carrying capacity pertains to the number of a species that an environment can sustain, considering the limiting factors at play (e.g. food, water, competition, etc.). Hui defined carrying capacity as the maximal load of a particular environment.1 McGinley also defined carrying capacity in relation to population biology. Accordingly, the carrying capacity is the population size at which the population growth rate equals zero.2 It should not be confused with the term, equilibrium population, which is defined as a population in which the gene frequencies have reached an equilibrium between mutation pressure and selection pressure.3 Food supply, water supply, habitat space, and competition with other species are some of the limiting factors affecting the carrying capacity of a given environment. But in human population, other variables such as sanitation, diseases, and medical care are also at play. Limiting factor Exponential growth Logistic growth Climate Diversity Extinction A factor present in an environment that controls a process, particularly the growth, abundance or distribution of a population of organisms in an ecosystem. A growth in which the rate is proportional to the increasing number or size in an exponential (rather than arithmetical) or logarithmic progression The S-shaped pattern in which the growth of a population typically slows down as it approaches carrying capacity. The meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind, that characteristically prevail in a particular region over a long perod of time The degree of variation of living things present in a particular ecosystem The death of an entire species.