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Chapter 4 Inside the Earth Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Tectonic Plate The 5-100km thick Thinnest layer Two Crust types Continental Oceanic Made of… The Mantle Thicker Most of the mass Crust too thick Observations Ocean floor Made of… The Core Mantle to the core Made of… Not made of.. 1/3 of the Earth’s mass Five layers Inner Core Solid, dense Outer Core Liquid layer Mesosphere Strong Asthenosphere Plastic layer Lithosphere Tectonic plates Names of the plates Fit together Difference Ocean Continent Plates include… Like ice cubes Never drilled through the crust Seismic waves Seismographs Restless Continents Continental Drift Sea-floor Spreading Alfred Wegener Continental Drift Fit together Similar types of rocks and climatic conditions Observations Single, huge continent (supercontinent) 245 million years ago Laurasia and Gondwana (180 million years ago) The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Transform Boundary Plates Touch Three Types Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Transform Boundary How they move earthquakes Collide Kind of crust Three Types Separate New Sea Floor Mid-Ocean Ridges Slide Past Each other horizontally San Andreas Fault Plate Tectonic Theory Solid Rock Flows Changes in Density Thermal Energy Three possible causes Ridge Push Convection Slab Pull Type and Shape of the plate Interacts with Plates So Slow and Gradual GPS Radio Signals Deforming the Earth’s Crust Vocabulary Compression Tension Folding Fault Uplift Subsidence Spaghetti Bending Breaking Rock Layers Stress Compression Squeezed or Collided Convergent Mountain Ranges Tension Stretch Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge Bending of Rock Layers Horizontal layers Types of Folds Anticlines Synclines Monocline Different sizes Stress is applied Fault Blocks Hanging wall and footwall Two Types Normal fault Reverse fault Normal fault Tension Pull Rocks Apart Reverse Faults Compression that pushes rocks together Look at the order of sedimentary rock layers Compare the two dark layers Third Type of Fault Opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally Move left or right San Andreas Fault Plates Collide Land features start as… Can become … Mountains exist Andes Mountains Compression or tension Folded Mountains Fault-Block Mountains Highest Convergent (collide) Appalachian Mtns. Tension Drop Down Tilted up Volcanic Mountains Major (Convergent) Sinks Islands Ring of Fire Vertical Movements Uplift Higher elevations May or May Not Be Deformed Subsidence Sinking No Deformation Uplifting of Depressed Rock Formation of Mtns. Without Deformation Subsidence of Cooler Rock Rebound Weight removed Hot More Space Less Volume (Subsides) Tectonic Letdown Stretched rift zones Stress