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Ecology Test Review Explain primary succession The development of an ecosystem following a catastrophic event (such as a volcanic eruption), a new land mass forming, or a depression filling in with water for the first time Explain secondary succession Development of an ecosystem after a disruption, such as a tornado or fire, with soil still remaining. Hydrilla is an invasive aquatic weed that forms thick mats on the water surface in the absence of natural enemies. The fastgrowing weed takes away habitat from the other aquatic plants and open-water inhabiting organisms. Thick mats on the water surface reduce the amount of sunlight reaching plants in deeper water, reducing their ability to photosynthesize. How might this weed affect the functioning of this ecosystem? The mats of hydrilla would keep the sunlight from penetrating the water, which in turn keeps photosynthesis from taking place. Reduced photosynthesis means less oxygen in the water. What is the role of decomposing bacteria in the food chain? Decomposing bacteria break down dead and decaying matter releasing nutrients back to the soil for plants to take up. What organisms are responsible for taking up nitrogen in the environment and incorporating it into their tissue for other organisms to get when they eat? Plants What will be the effect on this ecosystem if bacteria infect and begin to kill off the frog population? Increase in the insect population, especially the mosquitoes which can lead to disease in other organisms What might have caused the decline in species diversity in 1980? Catastrophic events such as a volcanic eruption since it wiped out most populations. In primary succession how must the land develop before it can sustain trees and larger animals Barren rock such as lava Pioneer species such as lichens appear to break down rock Early colonizers Opportunists Climax Community What causes the overgrowth of algae and how might this effect an aquatic ecosystem? Nutrient run-off from over fertilized terrestrial areas cause algae overgrowth. Algae overgrowth can keep light from penetrating the water which will in turn keep aquatic plants from photosynthesis. Lack of photosynthesis decreases oxygen in the water. What factors contribute to an excess of carbon output into the atmosphere? Burning and destroying terrestrial biomes Respiration by organisms Burning of fossil fuels Decomposition What effect could a dam being built at the end of a river that flows into the ocean have on the marine ecosystem? A dam would keep nutrients that are flowing in the water from reaching other plants and animals beyond that point. How does the adaptation of the iris to open and close the pupil benefit organisms with eyes? During the day and in brightly lighted areas the iris will constrict allowing less light to enter During the evening the iris dilates allowing more light to enter Why are there very few tertiary consumers in a food chain? There is more competition for the available energy since energy decreases as it goes up the trophic levels From our pond water web activity, what was the possible effect of introducing Asian carp into the pond ecosystem? Asian carp will compete for the phytoplankton in the ecosystem. This decreases the availability of phytoplankton to other organisms. What is the possible reasoning for omnivores to be able to adapt to changing environments better than carnivores or herbivores? Omnivores eat both plants and animals. This ability benefits them when food sources become limited. Define exponential growth. Steady, sustained growth of populations when resources are unlimited. Define logistic growth. Growth of a population when resources become limited and carrying capacity is reached Define carrying capacity. The maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can sustain with the available resources. Can photosynthesis take place without light? NO Can cellular respiration take place without oxygen? NO Grassland Characteristics Temperate grasslands are characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less in temperate grasslands than in savannas. Immigration vs. Emigration Immigration – movement of organisms into the population Emigration – organisms exiting the population What are antibiotics? Medications made to kill bacterial infections. Some of these medications are made from the toxins given off by fungi (such as penicillin). Define succeed take the place of, take over from, follow,