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2725 B.C.
1539 B.C.
730 B.C.
Old Kingdom New Kingdom Nubian Dynasty
Begins
Begins
Rules Egypt
500
270 B.C.
Meroitic Period
In Kush
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5 THEMES OF ANCIENCT EGYPT
LOCATION:
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Absolute= 30 ° N, 30° E
Relative= Located in North Africa., South of the Mediterranean Sea and was West
of Mesopotamia
PLACE:
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Physical Characteristics: Arid, Nile River, Deserts, Mountains, Cataracts and the
Delta plain
Human Characteristics: Canals, Pyramids and
Cities: Memphis, Thebes, Nubia, Alexandria and Pe
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Nile river used to bring silt to fields
Used water from river to farm, drink and wash clothes
Used the Nile for trade
Homes made of mud bricks with straw
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Rafts and Ships moved up and down the Nile for trade and transportation
Used camels and horses to travel across the desert
Mathematics, Mining , Polytheism
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HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
MOVEMENT:
REGION:
• African
• Desert
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Lesson1: Egypt Geography
•The existence of Egypt was based solely
around the Nile River.
•Nile River is the world’s longest and
Egypt’s most important river.
•The Nile carries water from central Africa
through a vast stretch of desert land.
•The river was so important to people that
Egypt was called the Gift of the Nile.
•Ancient Egypt developed along a 750-mile
stretch of the Nile
•Organized into two kingdoms:
•Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
•Upper Egypt was located upriver in
relation to the Nile’s flow.
•Lower Egypt was the northern region and
was located downriver.
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•Delta- Lower Egypt was centered in the river a
triangle-shaped area of land made of silt deposited
by the river. Fertile land= (Black lands)
•Cataracts- Rapids, marked the southern border of
Upper Egypt.
•In midsummer, the Nile would flood Upper Egypt
and in the fall the river would flood Lower Egypt.
•Allowed the farmland to stay moist and fertile.
•The land surrounding the Nile Valley was an arid
desert. Desert land= (Redlands)
Egyptian Cataract
Nile Delta
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AGRICULTURE IN EGYPT
•With dry desert all around, settlers were attracted to this
abundant and protected area of fertile farmland.
•Used irrigation canals to take what to dry lands.
•Used a Shaduf to spread the water to the fields.
•Grew wheat, lettuce, asparagus, radishes, cucumbers,
dates, melons and grapes
•Wheat would be ground into flour for making bread
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GEOGRAPHY SHAPES LIFE
MINING:
• Able to mine copper, iron, gold, turquoise and lapis lazuli
• Difficult work.
• However Veins of minerals would produce an
abundance of these minerals
FISHING AND HUNTING:
• Used nets and harpoons to catch fish
• Used nets and boomerangs to knock down and catch
birds
• Speared other animals (Hippos and Crocodiles)
TRANSPORTATION AND TRADE:
• Equipped the reed boats with sails and oars to help
travel the Nile
• Nile became a highway
• Ancient Egyptians had no money, so they simple
exchanged goods.
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LESSON 2:
LIFE IN
ANCIENT
EGYPT
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Section 2: The Old Kingdom
Around 2700 BC the Third Dynasty began a period in
Egyptian history known as the Old Kingdom. During the
next 500 years, the Egyptians developed a political system
based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a
god. The most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was
Khufu, in whose honor the largest of the pyramids was
built.
Although the pharaoh owned everything, he was also held
personally responsible if anything went wrong. He was
expected to make trade profitable and prevent war. To
manage these duties, he appointed government officials,
mostly from his family. Social classes developed, with the
pharaoh at the top and nobles from rich and powerful
families making up the upper class. The middle class
included some government officials, scribes, and rich
craftspeople.
Most people, including farmers, belonged to the lower
class. Lower-class people were often used by the pharaoh
as labor.
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Section 4: Egyptian Achievements
EGYPTIAN WRITING
Egyptians invented one of the world’s first
writing systems, using a series of images,
symbols, and pictures called hieroglyphics
(hy-ruh-glih-fiks). Each symbol represented
one or more sounds in the Egyptian
language.
At first hieroglyphics were carved in stone.
Later, they were written with brushes and ink
on papyrus (puh-py-ruhs), long-lasting,
paper-like substance made from reeds.
Because papyrus didn’t decay, many ancient
Egyptian texts still survive, including
government records, historical records,
science texts, medical manuals, and literary
works such as The Book of the Dead. The
discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799
provided the key to reading Egyptian writing,
as its text was inscribed both in hieroglyphics
and in Greek.
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EGYPTIAN SCIENCE
AND MATH
ASTRONOMY: Used the stars to tell
when the flooding of the Nile would happen.
(Sirius Star appeared once a year)
MEDICINE:
• Doctors would prepare dead bodies for burial
to learn about the body
• Performed some of the first surgeries
• Made medicine out of herbs
• Doctors believe the heart controlled thought
and brain controlled blood flow
GEOMETRY: Triangles and Squares
were considered sacred and was used to design
great buildings and monuments
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RELIGION AND EGYPTIAN AFTERLIFE
Believed in many Gods.
Over time, certain cities built temples and were associated with particular gods.
Much of Egyptian religion focused on the AFTERLIFE. Each person’s ka (kah), or
life force, existed after death, but remained linked to the body.
To keep the ka from suffering, the Egyptians would EMBALM or preserve bodies
after death.
Royalty had their bodies preserved as a MUMMY, specially treated (dried out) dead
bodies wrapped in cloth. Other members of the elite, people of wealth and power, also
had their bodies preserved.
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How did the
gods participate
in the afterlife?
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KINGS UNIFY EGYPT
•3100 BC Menes (mee-neez), the king of Upper Egypt, invaded Lower Egypt.
•Married a princess to unite the two kingdoms under his rule.
•Menes was the first pharaoh, Egyptian Ruler, which literally means ruler of a
“great house.”
•He also started the first Egyptian dynasty, or series of rulers from the same
family.
•Succession- The order in which members of the royal family ruled.
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PYRAMIDS- Huge, stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that meet at a top point,
were built to house dead rulers.
• Khufu- Pharoah who ordered the building of “The Great Pyramid” to show how great he
was
• Many pyramids are still standing today
• Amazing reminders of Egyptian engineering.
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INSIDE THE TOMB- Several passageways led to different rooms.
Tombs were supposed to be the palace for the Pharaohs' in the afterlife.
GRAVE ROBBERS- Stop building pyramids because people want to
steal the treasures found in the burial chambers
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Section 3: The Middle and New
Kingdom
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
• The Old Kingdom ended with the
pharaohs in debt.
• Ambitious nobles serving in
government positions managed to
take power from the pharaohs and
rule Egypt for nearly 160 years.
• Pharaohs regained control of Egypt
around 2050 BC and started a
peaceful period of rule.
• This era was called the Middle
Kingdom and lasted until Southwest
Asian invaders conquered Lower
Egypt around 1750 BC.
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THE NEW KINGDOM
• Egypt in 1550 BC, ushered in Egypt’s
eighteenth dynasty and the start of the
New Kingdom.
• Queen Hatshepsut- Wife of Pharaoh
he died soon after gaining power. First
woman to rule Egypt.
• Egypt took control of areas such as
Syria and Kush,
• Quickly became the leading military
power in the region.
• These conquests also made Egypt rich,
through gifts and vastly expanded trade
routes.
• Queen Hatshepsut, was active in
establishing new paths for traders.
• Queen Hatshepsut mysteriously
disappeared.
• Pharoah’s continued to rule
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EGYPTIAN ART
• Ancient Egyptians were masterful artists
and many of their greatest works are found
in either the temples or the tombs of the
pharaohs.
• Only those buried could enjoy art
• Egyptian paintings depict a variety of
subjects, from crowning kings to illustrating
religious rituals to showing scenes from daily
life.
• The Egyptians were also skilled stone and
metal workers, creating beautiful statues
and jewelry.
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KING AKHENATON (1353-1336
BC)
• Changed the worship of many gods to the worship
of one sun god (ATON)
• Priets were angered by his actions and believed old
gods would be angry
• Akhenaton moved away from the priests to a new
city
• Developed more realistic art. (See Nefrititi)
• Reform would end when young king (Tutankhamen
aka King Tut)
• Took over and was helped to rule by many advisors
• Went back to worshiping the old gods.
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Much of what we know about Egyptian art and burial practices comes from the tomb of King
Tutankhamen, one of the few Egyptian tombs that was left untouched by raiders looking for
valuables. The tomb was discovered in 1922.
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Other Important Information about Ramses II:
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Strong Miltary Leader
**Defeated Hittites
Ruled for 66 years
**Stabilized the Government
Built a city to honor himself (Pi-Ramses)
Empire declined after he died
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