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Transcript
5/19/15 EOC Review Packet 1 Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Specific Molecule Starch Cellulose Insulin Glycogen Glucose Function Quick energy Subunits Monosaccharide (Simple sugar) Make up structures Amino acids and used for growth Energy Storage Triglyceride (long term) (3 fatty acids and glycerol) Passes and stores Nucleotide genetic info Function Energy storage in plants Makes up plant cell walls (fiber) Hormone to control blood sugar Energy storage in muscles of animals Blood sugar (C6H12O6) Type of Macromolecule Carbohydrate – polysaccharide Carb – poly Protein Carb – poly Carb – mono Enzymes Hemoglobin Fats DNA RNA Nutrient Catalyze chemical reaction Helps carry oxygen/ take away CO2 Storage of energy Storage of genetic info Help make proteins Type of Test Starch Iodine (Lugol’s) Lipids Brown Paper Bag Monosaccharide Benedict’ s s Proteins Biuret Protein Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Negativ e Test Yellowbrown Regular color bag Blue Positive Test blue purple Black-blue Transleucen t spot Red-orange Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. Enzymes work like lock and key, one specific shaped enzyme does one function. -ase: enzymes -ose: sugar Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme. It is determined by its function or job. Explain why enzymes are specific. Only one enzymes works on one substrate. Substrate: product of the enzyme reaction (the thing put together or broken apart) Cell Part/ Organelle Nucleus Letter as Seen Below A Plasma Membrane B Cell wall C Function Hold genetic info Regulates what enters and leaves Used for Mitochondria D Vacuoles E Chloroplasts Ribosomes F G structure and protection Makes energy – cellular respiration Store food, water, waste Photosynthesis Makes protein – synthesis 5/20/15 What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell: nucleus, membrane bound organelles Prokaryotic Cell: no nucleus or organelles What common features do all cells have? Ribosomes, genetic info, cell membrane, cytoplasm Microscope Use How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope? Multiply objective lens x ocular lens 10 X 40 = 400 total magnification Put the following in order from smallest to largest: 1 – cells, 2 – tissues, 3- organs, 4 – organ systems Label the cells (see the board) Adapted for movement: sperm cell, flagella makes it possible, mitochondria make energy Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell? Red blood cell – carries oxygen to body and carbon dioxide from body Which cell is involved in the immune system? White blood cell Which cell helps with movement of bones? Skeletal muscle cells Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? What is the direction of these messages? How do they get from one cell to the next? Nerve cells (neurons), from the body to the brain, from the cell body down the axon Hormones What structure produces your hormones? Glands, lymphnodes, gonads How do hormones travel throughout the body? Through the blood stream What is the function of hormones? To communicate from the brain to the body What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules? Transport proteins – allow certain substances in or out of the cell, facilitated diffusion Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. The water moved from the left to the right – osmosis. Why did the large dark molecules not move to the left? They not able to permeate the barrier – they can’t pass through. How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane? Some things it lets through, others it does not If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest? Right If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? Left In osmosis, water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. If the dark molecules could move, in which direction would they move? Why? They would move to the left, to equal out the concentration because there is no starch to the left. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of high to an area of low concentration. Draw arrows – (on the board) A. B. on board What is homeostasis? State of stating the same – internal balance. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH: buffer emzymes keeps pH close to 7 (neutral) Temperature: hot – sweat, cold – shiver, normal temp – 98.6 degrees F Blood glucose: insulin hormone controls blood sugar. Water balance: osmosis regulates water in the body. Passive Transport No Requires energy? Low to high High to low concentration or high to low concentration? Examples Diffusion, osmosis Active Transport Yes Low to high Facilitated diffusion, Sodiumpotassium pump Energy What cellular process produces ATP? photosynthesis What is ATP energy used for? Cellular respiration, body processes, to make heat Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol) A) 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen B) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water C) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 Glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide Which of the above reaction is photosynthesis? A Which of the following reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? C Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? B Which reaction require or stores energy? A Which reaction release energy (ATP)? B/C Which reaction releases the most energy? (B: 36 ATP), C : 2 ATP Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A Which reaction requires light? A Which organisms carry out process A? plants, cyanobacteria Which organisms carry out process B? Animals, fungi, protists, bacteria Which organisms carry out process C? Bacteria, yeast Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? A Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? B What factors could speed up process A? More or less carbon dioxide, sunlight, or water What factors could speed up process B? More or less glucose or oxygen What factors could speed up process C? More or less glucose 5/21/2015 EOC Review Packet 2 Label the parts of the nucleotide below. (see board) Identify each of the following nucleotides according to whether it is found in DNA or RNA. Uracil: RNA, Adenine: DNA/RNA, Cytosine: DNA/RNA, Thymine: DNA, Guanine: DNA/ RNA DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G What is the complementary DNA strand for the DNA strand below: ATT CGG CTA CGA TAA GCC GAT GCT What is the mRNA strand for the DNA strand below: ATT CGG CTA CGA UAA GCC GAU GCU What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand below: ATT CGG CTA CGA UAA GCC GAU GCU STOP-ALANINE-ASPARTATE-ALANINE What is the amino acid sequence for the mRNA strand below: AUG CGU UAA ACC START-ARGININE-STOP-THREONINE Compare RNA and DNA in the following table: Sugars Bases Strands Where in Cell Function RNA Ribose A,U,C,G single ribosome Help with protein synthesis DNA deoxyribose A,T,C,G double nucleus Stores and passes genetic info What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? Peptide bonds What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 1) rRNA: ribosomal RNA – makes up the ribosome 2) mRNA: messenger RNA – makes a copy of the DNA 3) tRNA: transfer RNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? Hydrogen bonds Why is it important that these bonds be weak? So that you can split the double helix for replication What are the three types of DNA mutations? Substitution, deletion, addition Which one is the least harmful, and why? Substitution, it only changes one amino acid not the whole protein. Cell Cycle When does the replication of DNA occur? Interphase What is this phase called? S phase – synthesis What do G1 and G2 represent? Growth phases – getting bigger, replicating organelles, preparing for mitosis What is cancer? Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) - tumor What are possible causes of cancer? UV rays: skin, smoking: lung, mutations, chemical exposure, radioactivity MITOSIS Asexual (body cells – somatic) MEIOSIS Sexual (sex cells – gametes – sperm & eggs) Type of reproduction (sexual or asexual?) Chromosome 2N = diploid (46) 2N = diploid (46) number of parent cell (1N = haploid or 2N = diploid?) Chromosome 2N = diploid (46) 1N = haploid number of (23) daughter cells (1N = haploid or 2N = diploid) Number of cell divisions Number of cells produced When does replication happen? Sources of Variation Crossing over Random assortment of chromosomes Mutations Nondisjunction Fertilization One (PMAT) Two Two (PMAT I & PMAT II) Four Interphase Interphase No No Yes – Prophase I Yes – Metaphase I No No NO Yes Yes Yes Put the following stages of mitosis in order. C, B, E, A, D In the Punnett square to the left, T=tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents. Tt x Tt Give the phenotype for the parents. Tall x tall What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? TT = tall, Tt = tall, tt = short What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? TT:Tt:tt 1:2:1 What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Tall: short 3:1 What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain. What you eat affects your height – milk (calcium) Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and the phenotypes of the offspring. RW – red and white flowers Explain the inheritance of the following disorders: ( autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? Sex-linked recessive?) Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis: autosomal recessive Huntington Disease: Autosomal dominant Hemophilia: Sex-linked recessive Blood Type If a woman with a type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood. Give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again? 1 of 4, 25% What are the odds they will have a child with homozygous type A blood? 0 of 4, 0% What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? 1 of 4, 25% A blood test is done to see if one of the three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood and the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood. Man #2 has type A blood. Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain. Child: ii Man #3: ii Man #1: IaIb Man #2: Iai or IaIa Mom: Iai or IaIa Man #1 can’t be the father because he doesn’t have the i allele. Polygenic traits Some traits are to said to be polygenic. What does this mean? These traits are located on more than one gene. Using 3 gene AABBCC: dark, AaBbCc: medium , aabbcc: light 5/22/2015 Sex Chromosomes Male sex chromosomes? XY Female sex chromosomes? XX What chromosome are these genes found on? 23rd pair PUNNETT SQUARE What are the odds they will have a child with hemophilia? 1 of 4 or 25% What are the odds they will have a daughter with hemophilia? 0% or 0 of 4 What are the odds they will have a daughter with hemophilia? 1 of 4 or 25% Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder? Because they only have one X chromosome, they show the trait given by that chromosome Stem Cells What are some benefits of growing stem cells in the laboratory? We can make any type of cell, therefore we can repair cells, organs, and repairing limbs. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection: 1) Beneficial traits help organisms survive are passes from parents to offspring. 2) Resources limit carrying capacity with limits the number of offspring. 3) Traits that help in survival – beneficial to a specific habitat. 4) Some traits are valuable in some areas but not others. 5) This means you can survive and reproduce offspring in that habitat. 6) It has helped more individuals with that trait survive. 7) A new species differentiated from a one similar species. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic using the steps listed above. By using too much antibiotic, you kill off the susceptible bacteria and only resistant bacteria are left. Karyotype What is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? Female What is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence? Down’s Syndrome – trisomy 21 chromosomes DNA Fingerprint Above is a DNA fingerprint created by a gel electrophoresis. Which parents belong to the soldier? Parent C& D Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain. The fragment at the top are the longest because they couldn’t move as far as the fragments at the bottom. What are ways DNA fingerprinting is useful? -Paternity test - crime scene investigation - tell relationship between organisms Transgenic organisms Describe the process that is shown in the diagram to the left. Recombinant DNA What is the value of this technology? We can use it to produce medicine and treat diseases.