Download HERE

5/19/15
EOC Review Packet 1
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Specific
Molecule
Starch
Cellulose
Insulin
Glycogen
Glucose
Function
Quick energy
Subunits
Monosaccharide
(Simple sugar)
Make up structures Amino acids
and used for
growth
Energy Storage
Triglyceride
(long term)
(3 fatty acids and
glycerol)
Passes and stores
Nucleotide
genetic info
Function
Energy storage
in plants
Makes up plant
cell walls (fiber)
Hormone to
control blood
sugar
Energy storage
in muscles of
animals
Blood sugar
(C6H12O6)
Type of
Macromolecule
Carbohydrate –
polysaccharide
Carb – poly
Protein
Carb – poly
Carb – mono
Enzymes
Hemoglobin
Fats
DNA
RNA
Nutrient
Catalyze
chemical
reaction
Helps carry
oxygen/ take
away CO2
Storage of
energy
Storage of
genetic info
Help make
proteins
Type of
Test
Starch
Iodine
(Lugol’s)
Lipids
Brown
Paper
Bag
Monosaccharide Benedict’
s
s
Proteins
Biuret
Protein
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid
Negativ
e Test
Yellowbrown
Regular
color
bag
Blue
Positive Test
blue
purple
Black-blue
Transleucen
t spot
Red-orange
Explain the importance of shape to enzyme
function.
Enzymes work like lock and key, one
specific shaped enzyme does one function.
-ase: enzymes
-ose: sugar
Explain what determines the shape of an
enzyme.
It is determined by its function or job.
Explain why enzymes are specific.
Only one enzymes works on one substrate.
Substrate: product of the enzyme reaction
(the thing put together or broken apart)
Cell Part/
Organelle
Nucleus
Letter as
Seen Below
A
Plasma
Membrane
B
Cell wall
C
Function
Hold genetic
info
Regulates
what enters
and leaves
Used for
Mitochondria D
Vacuoles
E
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
F
G
structure and
protection
Makes energy
– cellular
respiration
Store food,
water, waste
Photosynthesis
Makes protein
– synthesis
5/20/15
What is the difference between a
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cell: nucleus, membrane bound
organelles
Prokaryotic Cell: no nucleus or organelles
What common features do all cells have?
Ribosomes, genetic info, cell membrane,
cytoplasm
Microscope Use
How do you determine the total
magnification of a microscope?
Multiply objective lens x ocular lens
10 X 40 = 400 total magnification
Put the following in order from smallest to
largest:
1 – cells, 2 – tissues, 3- organs, 4 – organ
systems
Label the cells (see the board)
Adapted for movement: sperm cell, flagella
makes it possible, mitochondria make
energy
Which cell has no nucleus? What is the
function of this cell?
Red blood cell – carries oxygen to body
and carbon dioxide from body
Which cell is involved in the immune
system?
White blood cell
Which cell helps with movement of bones?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which cell is adapted for transmitting
messages? What is the direction of these
messages? How do they get from one cell
to the next?
Nerve cells (neurons), from the body to the
brain, from the cell body down the axon
Hormones
What structure produces your hormones?
Glands, lymphnodes, gonads
How do hormones travel throughout the
body?
Through the blood stream
What is the function of hormones?
To communicate from the brain to the
body
What are some of the functions of these
proteins and other molecules?
Transport proteins – allow certain
substances in or out of the cell, facilitated
diffusion
Explain what has happened in the diagram
to the left.
The water moved from the left to the right –
osmosis.
Why did the large dark molecules not move
to the left?
They not able to permeate the barrier –
they can’t pass through.
How is the semipermeable membrane like
a cell membrane?
Some things it lets through, others it does
not
If the dark molecule is starch, where is the
starch concentration greatest?
Right
If the white molecule is water, where is the
water concentration greatest at first?
Left
In osmosis, water moves from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
If the dark molecules could move, in which
direction would they move? Why?
They would move to the left, to equal out
the concentration because there is no
starch to the left.
In diffusion, molecules move from an area
of high to an area of low concentration.
Draw arrows – (on the board)
A. B. on board
What is homeostasis?
State of stating the same – internal
balance.
How do cells maintain homeostasis?
Consider pH: buffer emzymes keeps pH
close to 7 (neutral)
Temperature: hot – sweat, cold – shiver,
normal temp – 98.6 degrees F
Blood glucose: insulin hormone controls
blood sugar.
Water balance: osmosis regulates water in
the body.
Passive
Transport
No
Requires
energy?
Low to high
High to low
concentration
or high to low
concentration?
Examples
Diffusion,
osmosis
Active
Transport
Yes
Low to high
Facilitated
diffusion,
Sodiumpotassium
pump
Energy
What cellular process produces ATP?
photosynthesis
What is ATP energy used for?
Cellular respiration, body processes, to
make heat
Label the following molecules in these
equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, ethyl alcohol)
A)
6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water + carbon dioxide  glucose +
oxygen
B)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide +
water
C)
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Glucose  ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide
Which of the above reaction is
photosynthesis? A
Which of the following reactions is
fermentation (anaerobic cellular
respiration)? C
Which of the above reactions is cellular
respiration (aerobic)? B
Which reaction require or stores energy? A
Which reaction release energy (ATP)? B/C
Which reaction releases the most energy?
(B: 36 ATP), C : 2 ATP
Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A
Which reaction requires light? A
Which organisms carry out process A?
plants, cyanobacteria
Which organisms carry out process B?
Animals, fungi, protists, bacteria
Which organisms carry out process C?
Bacteria, yeast
Which process uses chloroplasts in
eukaryotes? A
Which process uses mitochondria in
eukaryotes? B
What factors could speed up process A?
More or less carbon dioxide, sunlight, or
water
What factors could speed up process B?
More or less glucose or oxygen
What factors could speed up process C?
More or less glucose
5/21/2015
EOC Review Packet 2
Label the parts of the nucleotide below.
(see board)
Identify each of the following nucleotides according
to whether it is found in DNA or RNA.
Uracil: RNA, Adenine: DNA/RNA, Cytosine: DNA/RNA,
Thymine: DNA, Guanine: DNA/ RNA
DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G
RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G
What is the complementary DNA strand for the DNA
strand below:
ATT CGG CTA CGA
TAA GCC GAT GCT
What is the mRNA strand for the DNA strand below:
ATT CGG CTA CGA
UAA GCC GAU GCU
What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand
below:
ATT CGG CTA CGA
UAA GCC GAU GCU
STOP-ALANINE-ASPARTATE-ALANINE
What is the amino acid sequence for the mRNA
strand below:
AUG CGU UAA ACC
START-ARGININE-STOP-THREONINE
Compare RNA and DNA in the following table:
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where in Cell
Function
RNA
Ribose
A,U,C,G
single
ribosome
Help with protein
synthesis
DNA
deoxyribose
A,T,C,G
double
nucleus
Stores and
passes genetic
info
What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in
the protein that is formed?
Peptide bonds
What are the three types of RNA and what are their
functions?
1) rRNA: ribosomal RNA – makes up the ribosome
2) mRNA: messenger RNA – makes a copy of the DNA
3) tRNA: transfer RNA – carries the amino acids to the
ribosome to make the protein.
What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA
together?
Hydrogen bonds
Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
So that you can split the double helix for replication
What are the three types of DNA mutations?
Substitution, deletion, addition
Which one is the least harmful, and why?
Substitution, it only changes one amino acid not the
whole protein.
Cell Cycle
When does the replication of DNA occur? Interphase
What is this phase called? S phase – synthesis
What do G1 and G2 represent?
Growth phases – getting bigger, replicating
organelles, preparing for mitosis
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) - tumor
What are possible causes of cancer?
UV rays: skin, smoking: lung, mutations, chemical
exposure, radioactivity
MITOSIS
Asexual (body
cells – somatic)
MEIOSIS
Sexual (sex cells
– gametes –
sperm & eggs)
Type of
reproduction
(sexual or
asexual?)
Chromosome
2N = diploid (46) 2N = diploid (46)
number of
parent cell (1N =
haploid or 2N =
diploid?)
Chromosome
2N = diploid (46) 1N = haploid
number of
(23)
daughter cells
(1N = haploid or
2N = diploid)
Number of cell
divisions
Number of cells
produced
When does
replication
happen?
Sources of
Variation
Crossing over
Random
assortment of
chromosomes
Mutations
Nondisjunction
Fertilization
One (PMAT)
Two
Two (PMAT I &
PMAT II)
Four
Interphase
Interphase
No
No
Yes – Prophase I
Yes – Metaphase
I
No
No
NO
Yes
Yes
Yes
Put the following stages of mitosis in order.
C, B, E, A, D
In the Punnett square to the left, T=tall and t=short.
Give the genotype for the parents. Tt x Tt
Give the phenotype for the parents. Tall x tall
What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring? TT = tall, Tt = tall, tt = short
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
TT:Tt:tt 1:2:1
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Tall: short
3:1
What environmental factors might affect the
expression of these genes for height? Explain.
What you eat affects your height – milk (calcium)
Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure
breeding white flower (WW).
Give the genotypes and the phenotypes of the
offspring.
RW – red and white flowers
Explain the inheritance of the following disorders:
( autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive?
Sex-linked recessive?)
Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal recessive
Cystic fibrosis: autosomal recessive
Huntington Disease: Autosomal dominant
Hemophilia: Sex-linked recessive
Blood Type
If a woman with a type A blood has a child with a
man with type B blood and their first child has type O
blood. Give the genotypes of the woman and the
man and do the cross.
What are the odds that they will have a child with
type O blood again? 1 of 4, 25%
What are the odds they will have a child with
homozygous type A blood? 0 of 4, 0%
What are the odds that they will have a child with
type AB blood? 1 of 4, 25%
A blood test is done to see if one of the three men is
the father of a child. The child has type O blood and
the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB
blood. Man #2 has type A blood. Man #3 has type O
blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as
the father? Explain.
Child: ii
Man #3: ii
Man #1: IaIb
Man #2: Iai or IaIa
Mom: Iai or IaIa
Man #1 can’t be the father because he doesn’t
have the i allele.
Polygenic traits
Some traits are to said to be polygenic. What does
this mean?
These traits are located on more than one gene.
Using 3 gene
AABBCC: dark, AaBbCc: medium , aabbcc: light
5/22/2015
Sex Chromosomes
Male sex chromosomes? XY
Female sex chromosomes? XX
What chromosome are these genes found on?
23rd pair
PUNNETT SQUARE
What are the odds they will have a child with
hemophilia? 1 of 4 or 25%
What are the odds they will have a daughter with
hemophilia? 0% or 0 of 4
What are the odds they will have a daughter with
hemophilia? 1 of 4 or 25%
Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked
disorder? Because they only have one X
chromosome, they show the trait given by that
chromosome
Stem Cells
What are some benefits of growing stem cells in the
laboratory?
We can make any type of cell, therefore we can
repair cells, organs, and repairing limbs.
Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection:
1) Beneficial traits help organisms survive are passes
from parents to offspring.
2) Resources limit carrying capacity with limits the
number of offspring.
3) Traits that help in survival – beneficial to a specific
habitat.
4) Some traits are valuable in some areas but not
others.
5) This means you can survive and reproduce
offspring in that habitat.
6) It has helped more individuals with that trait
survive.
7) A new species differentiated from a one similar
species.
Describe how a population of bacteria can
become resistant to an antibiotic using the steps
listed above.
By using too much antibiotic, you kill off the
susceptible bacteria and only resistant bacteria are
left.
Karyotype
What is the gender of the person whose karyotype
is shown to the left? Female
What is the disorder that this person has? What is
your evidence?
Down’s Syndrome – trisomy 21 chromosomes
DNA Fingerprint
Above is a DNA fingerprint created by a gel
electrophoresis. Which parents belong to the
soldier? Parent C& D
Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain.
The fragment at the top are the longest because
they couldn’t move as far as the fragments at the
bottom.
What are ways DNA fingerprinting is useful?
-Paternity test
- crime scene investigation
- tell relationship between organisms
Transgenic organisms
Describe the process that is shown in the diagram
to the left. Recombinant DNA
What is the value of this technology?
We can use it to produce medicine and treat
diseases.