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Transcript
JANUARY 17, 2017 Word Plays ■ Sociology ■ Sociological Imagination ■ Microsociology ■ Macrosociology ■ Theory ■ All must have… – 1 definition – 2 pictures – 3 crosswords Sociological Imagination ■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BINK6r1Wy78 Auguste Comte (KONT) ■ Coined the term “sociology” & thought of as father of sociology ■ Decided the study of society must be empirical – Empirical – based on observations, experiments, or other forms of data collection ■ Saw sociology as the scientific study of social statics and social dynamics – Social statics – investigates how principles of social order explain a particular society, as well as interconnections between institutions (ex: education, political affiliation, social class, religious groups,) – Social dynamics – explores how individuals and societies change over time ■ Emphasized social order and change within and across societies Harriet Martineau ■ English author, published first sociology research methods textbooks ■ Translated and condensed Auguste Comte’s work for larger audiences to comprehend ■ Emphasized importance of data collection through observation/interviews and objective analysis of data to explain events/behavior Emile Durkheim ■ Saw societies as characterized by unity and cohesion because members are bound by common interests and attitudes ■ Studied suicide through analysis of statistics – Concluded that suicide is not an isolated, individual act – Suicide is often based on relationships and social integration – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUvCjhjKRHk ■ Studied social facts, division of labor and social integration Emile Durkheim ■ Social facts – aspects of social life, external to the individual, that can be measured – Material facts – demographic info; age, location of residence, population size – Non-material facts – communication processes, social movements, collective behavior ■ Division of labor – questioned how people can be autonomous and individualistic while also being integrated into society – Social solidarity is held together by a division of labor ■ Social integration – meaningful social relationships (families, social groups, communities) help people feel important, like they belong, etc. Karl Marx ■ Tried to explain the societal changes taking place during the Industrial Revolution ■ Thought that economic issues produced issues in society – Capitalism – an economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands ■ Saw society as composed of 3 social classes – Capitalists – the ruling elite who own the means of producing wealth (ex: factories, machines, raw resources) – Petit Bourgeoisie – small business owners/workers who still have their own means of production – Proletariat – the masses of workers who depend on wages to survive, have few resources and make up the working class Karl Marx (continued) ■ Class conflict – Marx believed that society is divided into the “haves” (capitalists) and “have-nots” (proletariat) – Capitalists make money by taking advantage of the proletariat – This is allowed because the proletariat has to give in to the capitalists in order to survive ■ Argued that there’s a close relationship between inequality, social conflict and social class – Saw history as a series of class struggles between capitalists and workers – Think about the “1%” and the “Occupy Wall Street” movement – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpdpMjG5CmY ■ Foresaw a violent revolution of the proletariat overthrowing the capitalists – Never happened in US ■ Alienation – the feeling of separation from one’s group or society – Common in all social classes Max Weber (VAY-ber) ■ Focused on social organization, a subjective understanding of behavior, and a valuefree sociology ■ Believed ideas, religions, values, ideologies, and charismatic leaders to be as important as Marx believed economic situations to be ■ Emphasized subjective understanding – verstehen (fer-shtay-en) ■ 2 types of verstehen – Direct observational understanding – the social scientists observe a person’s facial expressions, gestures and listens to his/her words ■ Ex: A person bursts into tears and the observer knows what that person is feeling because of DOU (anger, sadness, etc.) Max Weber (VAY-ber) ■ 2 types of verstehen – Explanatory understanding – social scientists tries to grasp the intention and context of a behavior ■ Ex: After that person starts crying, a sociologist using the EU approach theorizes about WHY he/she started crying (break up, dog died, embarrassed, failed test, etc.) ■ Value-free sociology/a value-free sociologist – one who separates his/her personal values, opinions, ideology and beliefs from scientific research ■ Encouraged individuality but thought educators/scholars should be as objective as possible to ensure they’re teaching knowledge and not opinion – Objective = unbiased, fair Jane Addams ■ Social worker ■ Co-founded “Hull House” (one of the first community centers to help the poor) ■ Leader in women’s suffrage ■ First American woman to be awarded the Novel Peace Prize – Advocated negotiation, not violence, to settle disputes and disagreements ■ Much of her work contributed to help develop the “symbolic interaction” theory and the idea of applying knowledge to everyday problems – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU ■ Helped map criminology in Chicago W.E.B. Du Bois (Do-Boice) ■ Prominent black sociologist, writer, editor, social reformer and orator (speaker) ■ 1st African American to receive a PhD from Harvard ■ Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) ■ Believe race problems stemmed from ignorance and advocated “cures” for racism – Cures included promoting black political power and civil rights and providing blacks with higher education ■ Examined oppressive side effects of race, class and gender issues; advocated for women’s rights and help reshape black-white relations in America