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Transcript
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION A REPUBLIC BORN IN BLOOD CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION Society based on inequality Three estates First Estate = Catholic clergy Made up 1% of the population, owned 10% of the land, and paid no taxes Second Estate = nobility Made up 2% of the population, owned 35% of the land, paid some fees, but no taxes Got the best positions in gov’t and military Third Estate = peasants, bourgeoisie (middle class) Made up 97% of the population, paid all the taxes Relics of feudalism = aristocratic privileges Peasants had to pay rents and fees to use village facilities All part of the Ancient Regime, or the old order Weak King Louis XVI and his queen Marie-Antoinette, whom the people of France despise She is Austrian, unpopular, and spends lots of money Ideas of the Enlightenment Want to put Enlightenment ideas into effect, see how successful the American colonists were American Revolution American colonists are successful and the money France gives to the colonists partially bankrupts France Financial crisis The near collapse of gov’t finances is the immediate cause 1/3 of the country is starving – no food, bad winters France deeply in debt, half the taxes used to pay off debt Gov’t still spends lots of money First and Second Estates refuse to pay taxes START OF THE REVOLUTION Meeting of the Estates-General Each estate gets one vote First and Second Estates could always outvote the Third Members of the Third Estate demand that each representative gets one vote Have a new sense of importance The king refuses, saying he is in favor of the old system, but he does double the number of representatives in the Third Estate In response the Third Estate declares itself a National Assembly with the right to make laws for France and to draft a constitution The king has them locked out of their meeting hall They meet at a nearby indoor tennis court instead Tennis Court Oath = swear that they will continue to meet until they create a French constitution Louis XVI orders troops to Paris and Versailles to protect the monarchy The National Assembly feared the king was preparing to use force against them Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789 A mob of Parisians attack the Bastille, an armory and prison Were looking for gunpowder to protect themselves from the king’s troops They dismantle the prison and kill the commander, then cut off his head and parade it around the streets on a long stick Creates The Great Fear – violence in the countryside Great Fear was a time of rumors that people would be attacked Some peasants rebelled and burned homes of nobles, along with records of feudal dues A NEW GOVERNMENT National Assembly 1789 to 1791 – liberal Creates the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Inspired by the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and the English Bill of Rights Co-written by Thomas Jefferson Proclaims free and equal rights for all men Access to public office based on talent, no exemptions from taxation, and free speech and press States basic principles of the Revolution – “liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)”Did not extend to women Olympe de Gouges wrote a declaration of rights for women, she is later beheaded Women’s march to Versailles Louis remains at Versailles, refusing to accept the Declaration and the abolition of the relics of feudalism In October 1789 women of Paris grew upset over the price and lack of bread and decide to bring their grievances to the king. Thousands of women march to Versailles and demand to see the king When they king hesitates about seeing them, the women become enraged and break into the palace, intent on killing the queen They massacre the palace guards, decapitate them, and put their heads on pikes They force the king to accept the decrees and Louis and his family go to Paris to take up residence in the Tuileries Palace He brings wagonloads of flour as a goodwill gesture, but the royal family are now prisoners in Paris In 1791 the National Assembly finishes the constitution, which creates a moderate gov’t called the Legislative Assembly Sets up a limited monarchy Still a king, but the Legislative Assembly will make the laws Only men over 25 who pay a certain amount of taxes can vote The old order is completely destroyed and there is opposition to the new order Louis watches his power slowly taken away and decides its time to flee France He and his family, wearing servant disguises, flee Paris in the middle of the night Get within miles of the Austrian border before they are recognized and dragged back to Paris FACTIONS SPLIT Radicals - opposed the monarchy and wanted extreme changes in the way the government was run Conservatives – upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government. Emigres – Nobles who fled France during the peasant uprisings and hoped to restore the old system Sans-culottes – Workers and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in the French government. Foreign reaction to the Revolution In the beginning other nations are delighted – thought they could gain new territory at the expense of France Great Britain hopes this will lead to better relations between the two nations and they celebrate the revolution Eventually European leaders feared that revolution will spread to their countries –Austria and Prussia start massing troops at the border and the Legislative Assembly declares war • Foreign troops are now on French soil –A Prussian general issues a warning to the people of Paris, warning that he will destroy their city if any harm comes to the royal family • In response the people of Paris attack the Tuleries Palace, but the king and his family make it to safety in the meeting hall of the Legislative Assembly • The palace guards are slaughtered and those not killed will be the first at the guillotine Radical leaders of the Revolution Jean-Paul Marat –advocates violence in his newspaper Spends most of his time in his bathtub due to a skin disease he acquired while living in the sewers Feels that the way to make France better is to kill more and more people Maximilien Robespierre – great speaker who will lead the gov’t during its bloodiest phase THE FRENCH REPUBLIC 1792 The National Convention splits into factions (dissenting groups) over the fate of the king The most prominent faction were the Jacobin Club – Members were called Jacobins and represented the rights of Frances poorest people. King Louis XVI is reduced from a king to a common citizen and prisoner. He is put on trial for treason January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI is beheaded by the guillotine Invented by a doctor, it was adopted because it kills quickly and humanely The execution of the king creates enemies both in France and abroad Domestic Crisis Foreign armies were not the only enemies of the French republic. Many peasants – horrified by the kings execution, priestswho didn’t want gov’t control, and rival leaders did not like what was going on. In response, the Committee of Public Safety is created by the National Convention who gives broad powers to this special committee of 12 – led by Maximilien Robespierre ROBESPIERRE’S - REIGN OF TERROR Lasted from spring of 1793 to 1794 Revolutionary courts set up to prosecute internal enemies of the republic, goal was to eliminate people who threatened the revolution Robespierre stated that terror needed to be used to defend the republic Most executions take place by guillotine in a public place for everyone to view People would watch and usually throw food Efficient – could execute more than one person a minute People in Paris complained of the blood overflowing the city’s drainage ditches In all, 300,000 people were arrested, 17,000 were executed by the guillotine The queen Marie-Antoinette, was beheaded a year after her husband The Committee of Public Safety also sent armies to bring rebellious cities in the Vendee under control Makes an example out of Lyons 1,880 citizens were executed First guillotined, then shot over open graves when the guillotine proves too slow In Nantes the victims were executed by being sunk in barges in the Loire River while their family and friends watched The Great Terror the last phase of the Reign of Terror, the pace of execution picks up At the end 800 a month were being executed in Paris alone THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE The Committee of Public Safety, under Robespierre, wants to create a new order and society of good citizens Erase all connections to the old ways Some of the Changes “citizen” and “citizeness” replace mister and madame Women wear long robes inspired by ancient times Slavery abolished in the colonies Set up schools to produce good citizens A metric system replaces the old system of weights and measures Churches are closed and priests encouraged to marry Priests and nuns who refuse visit the guillotine the title on the Bible is changed to “Declaration of the Rights of Man” Notre Dame is designated as a “temple of reason” Adoption of a new calendar 12 months with new names Each month has 3 ten day weeks, with the tenth day as a day of rest Cult of the Supreme Being created by Robespierre, worship the goddess of wisdom and reason Fearing for their own safety, some members of the National Convention turned on Robespierre demanding his arrest and execution. Robespierre tries to commit suicide, but only ends up shooting his jaw The next day Robespierre and his followers are executed by the guillotine The death of Robespierre ends the Reign of Terror The power of the Committee of Public Safety is reduced and churches reopen THE DIRECTORY With the end of the Reign of Terror, a new constitution is created that establishes the Directory, a reactionary gov’t, in 1795 It had a legislative assembly with two chambers and five directors who acted as the executive committee Gov’t was weak and corrupt The Directory is brought to an end by the coup d’etat by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 Coup d’etat = sudden overthrow of the gov’t