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Transcript
Aim What does the phrase “Human impact on Ecosystems” mean? Explain what has happened to the polar bear in the picture below. Ecosystem- all the living and non-living things that interact in a certain area of the environment Environmental Impact • All living things, including humans, affect the environment around them Beaver Example • Beavers build dams and affect the flow of water in the river Termite Example • Termite affect the environment by eating wood on trees Human Impact • As a result of technology we are making more significant changes to the environment. • Give an example of how technology changes the environment? Where are i-phones made? Stress on the Environment • Human growth consumption depletes resources that the earth contains • Industrialization Pollutions affect on an Ecosystem • Pollution decreases the stability of an ecosystem • Pollution decreases biodiversity by harming species habitat Depletion • Depletion means a serious reduction in a short period of time Finite Supply • They cannot be replaced naturally • We will eventually run out of supplies What are some human activities that negatively affect the environment? Deforestation • Cutting trees down • Destroys Habitats • Causes Erosion • Decreases Biodiversity Why do we cut trees? For Industry (Jobs) • Paper • Housing • Furniture Fossil fuels • Fuels that come from the ground • Burning them produces energy to heat our homes, run our cars, and produce energy to run factories • Examples- Oil, Gas and Coal Burn Fossil Fuels • Produces Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Greenhouse gas) • Causes Global Warming • Melts the Ice Caps Natural Resources • Renewable – Resources can be replaced quickly (Solar and wind power) • Non-RenewableResources cannot be replaced quickly (Fossil Fuels-Oil, Coal, Gas) Ozone Depletion • Caused by Freon gas in refrigerators and air conditioners • More UV (ultra-violet) rays reach the earths surface • Causes mutations and skin cancer Strip Mining • Depletes Resources • Causes Erosion Overfishing • Kills fish • Depletes supply of fish for future generations How does the government prevent pollution? • Pass Laws to prevent it • Impose a fine or penalty Aim How and why do we need to preserve our natural resources? How do we preserve resources? • Reduce consumption • Reuse resources • Recycle Reduce • Carpooling • Mass transit • Conserve (walk or ride your bike) Reuse • Grocery Bags • Water bottles • Plastic plates Recycle • Plastic • Paper • Scrap metal • Glass Why do we need to conserve resources? • Resources are finite (limited), so we will run out • Prevents pollution Define Pollution • Pollution is the harmful change in the environment that will affect an organisms habitat (where it lives) Types of Pollution • Air pollution • Water pollution • Land pollution Natural Recycling • Water Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nutrients Water Cycle • Ecosystems maintain a supply of water to survive Carbon Cycle • Animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Cellular Respiration) • Plants take in carbon dioxide an release oxygen (Photosynthesis) Nutrients Recycle • Plants use nutrients in the soil to grow • Nutrients are transferred through food chain • Dead and waste of organisms are recycled and put back into the soil by decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi) Aim How do people affect the way ecosystems function? The Flow of Energy • Energy is passed through the environment but NOT recycled • Energy pyramid loses large amount of energy to heat • Sun is constant source of energy Population Growth • The population levels off as it reaches an ecosystems carrying capacity Direct Harvesting • Destruction or removal of a species from a habitat which can lead to extinction • An example is when an exotic animal is removed for a pet ( Cute monkey or parrot) Invasive Species • When people remove a species from one environment to another • They become pest because they usually have no natural enemy and multiply quickly Land Use • As human populations grow we need more resources to make things we need (clothes, MP3 players and cars) • Need more space for factories and homes Deforestation • Need to clear land to make homes and factories • This leads to habitat destruction Leads to Loss of Biodiversity • Direct Harvesting • Imported Species • Deforestation Aim What is the impact of technology and industrialization on the environment? Industrialization • The development of an economy in which machines produce our products We Need Power • Burn fossil fuels • Nuclear fuels (splits atoms) Power Plants Cause: • Water pollution • Air pollution Water Pollution • Sewage from a power plants can act as a fertilizer • Plants bloom using up oxygen resulting in fish suffocating Toxic Waste • Poisonous waste dumped in rivers end up in the food chain • Many organisms are killed as a result of these toxins Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels leads to • Increase in CO2 levels (Global Warming) • Acid rain • Smog Aim How will the choices we make today affect our environment tomorrow? Advances in Technology • • • • New factories Increase crop yield Efficient cars New Computers and iPods Technology Creates Problems • Mainly environmental • There is a cost to everything • For each new technology we must assess the risk A trade-off • We have to analyze the cost verse the benefit • Is it worth it? (Pros and Cons) Today's decisions affect our future • The decisions we make today will affect our future environment Decisions have Consequences • The trade off was power produced verses a possible nuclear accident • Was it worth it? Aim Ecology Review Ecology • The study of how organisms interact with living and nonliving things that surround them Terms to Know • Biotic factorsLiving things • Abiotic factorsNonliving things Biotic vs Abiotic Biotic Abiotic • • • • • • • • • Animals Plants Bacteria Dead organisms The Sun Water (Lake) Oxygen Temperature Nutrients Ecosystem • All living things and nonliving things interacting together Habitat • The specific environment an organisms lives in is called a habitat • ExamplesFrogs- Pond Birds- Trees Whales- Oceans Niche • The specific role an organism plays in an ecosystem (Sea Otter- What it eats and who eats it) Population • Members of a single species in a given area Community • All the different populations combined Biosphere • Atmosphere (Air) • Hydrosphere (Water) • Lithosphere (Land) Concepts of Ecology • Energy is transferred from one organism to another • Materials (chemicals) are recycled Aim Ecology Review 2 Competition • Recourses are finite(limited) so organisms must compete for them to survive Limiting Factors • Factors in the environment that limit the size of the population Carrying Capacity • The number of organisms of any single species that an ecosystem can support Predator • An organism that kills and eats another organism Prey • Organisms that are killed for food Food Chains • Food chains show what eats what • Shows the flow or transfer of energy Food Web • Food Wed is many interconnected food chains • Organisms can eat more than one kind of organism • More complex and accurate than a food chain Aim What are the important components of a food chain? Constant Source of Energy • The important ABIOTIC factor that provides energy to the food chain is the SUN • Energy is NOT recycled its transferred Autotrophs • Organisms that make their own food • Also called Producers • First in chain Heterotrophs • Organisms that have to eat to obtain energy • Consumers Consumers • Carnivores (Meat) • Herbivores (Plants) • Omnivores (Both) Decomposers • They consume the waste of dead organisms • Decomposers recycle nutrients back to soil for plants to use • Bacteria and Fungi Stability of Food Chain • Must have more producers than consumers • Must have decomposers to recycle nutrients Aim What is an Energy Pyramid? Energy Pyramid • A Diagram that shows the transfer of energy through a food chain or web Energy lost to heat • Energy is lost to the environment as heat at each level • Also lost as metabolism Producer to Consumers • Producers are always at the bottom level • All subsequent levels are consumers Important Levels Levels • A- Tertiary consumers • B- Secondary consumers • C- Primary consumers • D- Producers (plants) Energy • Energy from sun starts the pyramid and keeps it going • Energy is transferred not recycled. Chemicals(Materials) are Recycled • Decomposers extract energy in dead organisms and return it to soil as Nutrients • Bacteria and Fungi Aim What are the advantages of Biodiversity? Biodiversity • The amount of different species in an ecosystem Ecosystem Stability • Biodiversity leads to ecosystem stability • The more species the better it is for all Loss of Biodiversity • Natural disasters (Tsunami) • Deforestation (Cutting down trees) • Removal of a species Biodiversity Benefits Humans Organisms provides humans with: • Medicines(aspirin) • Foods • Industrial products Value of Biodiversity • Ecosystem (Habitats) • Species (All Kinds) • Genetics (Evolution) Aim What is Ecological Succession? Ecological Succession • Series of changes where one habitat is change to another Modifications • Each step of the way the environment is modified for the next stage to emerge(more stable) First Example of Succession • Occurs after a natural disaster Examples: - Tsunami - Volcanic Eruption Second Example of Succession • Change from a lake community to a forest Facts on Succession • Each step is modified for the next • Each next step is more stable • Most ecosystems will return to their natural state after a disaster