Download File

Aim
What does the phrase
“Human impact on
Ecosystems” mean?
Explain what has happened to the polar bear in
the picture below.
Ecosystem- all the
living and non-living
things that interact in
a certain area of the
environment
Environmental Impact
• All living
things,
including
humans, affect
the
environment
around them
Beaver Example
• Beavers build
dams and
affect the
flow of water
in the river
Termite Example
• Termite affect
the environment
by eating wood
on trees
Human Impact
• As a result of
technology we are
making more
significant changes to
the environment.
• Give an example of
how technology
changes the
environment? Where
are i-phones made?
Stress on the Environment
• Human growth
consumption
depletes
resources that
the earth
contains
• Industrialization
Pollutions affect on an Ecosystem
• Pollution decreases
the stability of an
ecosystem
• Pollution decreases
biodiversity by
harming species
habitat
Depletion
• Depletion
means a
serious
reduction in a
short period of
time
Finite Supply
• They cannot be
replaced
naturally
• We will
eventually run
out of supplies
What are some human
activities that negatively
affect the environment?
Deforestation
• Cutting trees
down
• Destroys Habitats
• Causes Erosion
• Decreases
Biodiversity
Why do we cut trees?
For Industry (Jobs)
• Paper
• Housing
• Furniture
Fossil fuels
• Fuels that come from
the ground
• Burning them produces
energy to heat our
homes, run our cars,
and produce energy to
run factories
• Examples- Oil, Gas and
Coal
Burn Fossil Fuels
• Produces Carbon
Dioxide (CO2)
(Greenhouse gas)
• Causes Global
Warming
• Melts the Ice
Caps
Natural Resources
• Renewable – Resources
can be replaced quickly
(Solar and wind
power)
• Non-RenewableResources cannot be
replaced quickly
(Fossil Fuels-Oil, Coal,
Gas)
Ozone Depletion
• Caused by Freon gas in
refrigerators and air
conditioners
• More UV (ultra-violet)
rays reach the earths
surface
• Causes mutations and
skin cancer
Strip Mining
• Depletes
Resources
• Causes
Erosion
Overfishing
• Kills fish
• Depletes
supply of fish
for future
generations
How does the government prevent
pollution?
• Pass Laws
to prevent it
• Impose a
fine or
penalty
Aim
How and why do we need
to preserve our natural
resources?
How do we preserve resources?
• Reduce
consumption
• Reuse
resources
• Recycle
Reduce
• Carpooling
• Mass transit
• Conserve (walk
or ride your
bike)
Reuse
• Grocery Bags
• Water bottles
• Plastic plates
Recycle
• Plastic
• Paper
• Scrap metal
• Glass
Why do we need to conserve
resources?
• Resources are
finite (limited),
so we will run
out
• Prevents
pollution
Define Pollution
• Pollution is the
harmful change in
the environment
that will affect an
organisms habitat
(where it lives)
Types of Pollution
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land pollution
Natural Recycling
• Water Cycle
• Carbon
Cycle
• Nutrients
Water Cycle
• Ecosystems
maintain a
supply of
water to
survive
Carbon Cycle
• Animals take in
oxygen and release
carbon dioxide
(Cellular Respiration)
• Plants take in
carbon dioxide an
release oxygen
(Photosynthesis)
Nutrients Recycle
• Plants use nutrients in
the soil to grow
• Nutrients are
transferred through
food chain
• Dead and waste of
organisms are recycled
and put back into the
soil by decomposers
(Bacteria and Fungi)
Aim
How do people affect the
way ecosystems
function?
The Flow of Energy
• Energy is passed
through the
environment but
NOT recycled
• Energy pyramid loses
large amount of
energy to heat
• Sun is constant
source of energy
Population Growth
• The population
levels off as it
reaches an
ecosystems
carrying capacity
Direct Harvesting
• Destruction or removal
of a species from a
habitat which can lead
to extinction
• An example is when an
exotic animal is
removed for a pet
( Cute monkey or parrot)
Invasive Species
• When people remove a
species from one
environment to another
• They become pest
because they usually
have no natural enemy
and multiply quickly
Land Use
• As human populations
grow we need more
resources to make
things we need
(clothes, MP3 players
and cars)
• Need more space for
factories and homes
Deforestation
• Need to clear land
to make homes
and factories
• This leads to
habitat
destruction
Leads to Loss of Biodiversity
• Direct
Harvesting
• Imported
Species
• Deforestation
Aim
What is the impact of
technology and industrialization
on the environment?
Industrialization
• The development
of an economy in
which machines
produce our
products
We Need Power
• Burn fossil
fuels
• Nuclear fuels
(splits atoms)
Power Plants Cause:
• Water
pollution
• Air pollution
Water Pollution
• Sewage from a
power plants can
act as a fertilizer
• Plants bloom
using up oxygen
resulting in fish
suffocating
Toxic Waste
• Poisonous waste
dumped in rivers
end up in the food
chain
• Many organisms
are killed as a
result of these
toxins
Air Pollution
Burning fossil fuels
leads to
• Increase in CO2 levels
(Global Warming)
• Acid rain
• Smog
Aim
How will the choices we
make today affect our
environment tomorrow?
Advances in Technology
•
•
•
•
New factories
Increase crop yield
Efficient cars
New Computers
and iPods
Technology Creates Problems
• Mainly
environmental
• There is a cost to
everything
• For each new
technology we must
assess the risk
A trade-off
• We have to
analyze the
cost verse the
benefit
• Is it worth it?
(Pros and Cons)
Today's decisions affect our future
• The decisions
we make today
will affect our
future
environment
Decisions have Consequences
• The trade off was
power produced
verses a possible
nuclear accident
• Was it worth it?
Aim
Ecology Review
Ecology
• The study of how
organisms interact
with living and
nonliving things
that surround
them
Terms to Know
• Biotic factorsLiving things
• Abiotic factorsNonliving things
Biotic vs Abiotic
Biotic
Abiotic
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Animals
Plants
Bacteria
Dead organisms
The Sun
Water (Lake)
Oxygen
Temperature
Nutrients
Ecosystem
• All living things
and nonliving
things
interacting
together
Habitat
• The specific
environment an
organisms lives in
is called a habitat
• ExamplesFrogs- Pond
Birds- Trees
Whales- Oceans
Niche
• The specific role
an organism plays
in an ecosystem
(Sea Otter- What it
eats and who eats
it)
Population
• Members of
a single
species in a
given area
Community
• All the
different
populations
combined
Biosphere
• Atmosphere
(Air)
• Hydrosphere
(Water)
• Lithosphere
(Land)
Concepts of Ecology
• Energy is
transferred from
one organism to
another
• Materials
(chemicals) are
recycled
Aim
Ecology Review 2
Competition
• Recourses are
finite(limited) so
organisms must
compete for
them to survive
Limiting Factors
• Factors in the
environment
that limit the
size of the
population
Carrying Capacity
• The number of
organisms of any
single species that
an ecosystem can
support
Predator
• An organism
that kills and
eats another
organism
Prey
• Organisms
that are killed
for food
Food Chains
• Food chains
show what eats
what
• Shows the flow
or transfer of
energy
Food Web
• Food Wed is many
interconnected food
chains
• Organisms can eat
more than one kind
of organism
• More complex and
accurate than a food
chain
Aim
What are the important
components of a food
chain?
Constant Source of Energy
• The important
ABIOTIC factor
that provides
energy to the food
chain is the SUN
• Energy is NOT
recycled its
transferred
Autotrophs
• Organisms that
make their
own food
• Also called
Producers
• First in chain
Heterotrophs
• Organisms
that have to
eat to obtain
energy
• Consumers
Consumers
• Carnivores
(Meat)
• Herbivores
(Plants)
• Omnivores
(Both)
Decomposers
• They consume the
waste of dead
organisms
• Decomposers recycle
nutrients back to soil
for plants to use
• Bacteria and Fungi
Stability of Food Chain
• Must have more
producers than
consumers
• Must have
decomposers to
recycle nutrients
Aim
What is an Energy
Pyramid?
Energy Pyramid
• A Diagram that
shows the transfer
of energy through
a food chain or
web
Energy lost to heat
• Energy is lost
to the
environment
as heat at each
level
• Also lost as
metabolism
Producer to Consumers
• Producers are
always at the
bottom level
• All subsequent
levels are
consumers
Important Levels
Levels
• A- Tertiary consumers
• B- Secondary consumers
• C- Primary consumers
• D- Producers (plants)
Energy
• Energy from sun
starts the pyramid
and keeps it going
• Energy is
transferred not
recycled.
Chemicals(Materials) are Recycled
• Decomposers
extract energy in
dead organisms
and return it to
soil as Nutrients
• Bacteria and Fungi
Aim
What are the advantages
of Biodiversity?
Biodiversity
• The amount of
different
species in an
ecosystem
Ecosystem Stability
• Biodiversity
leads to
ecosystem
stability
• The more
species the
better it is for all
Loss of Biodiversity
• Natural disasters
(Tsunami)
• Deforestation
(Cutting down
trees)
• Removal of a
species
Biodiversity Benefits Humans
Organisms provides
humans with:
• Medicines(aspirin)
• Foods
• Industrial
products
Value of Biodiversity
• Ecosystem
(Habitats)
• Species
(All Kinds)
• Genetics
(Evolution)
Aim
What is Ecological
Succession?
Ecological Succession
• Series of
changes where
one habitat is
change to
another
Modifications
• Each step of the
way the
environment is
modified for the
next stage to
emerge(more
stable)
First Example of Succession
• Occurs after a
natural disaster
Examples:
- Tsunami
- Volcanic Eruption
Second Example of Succession
• Change from
a lake
community to
a forest
Facts on Succession
• Each step is
modified for the
next
• Each next step is
more stable
• Most ecosystems will
return to their
natural state after a
disaster