Download Fall Exam Study Guide Review

FALL SEMESTER EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SCIENCE?
•TO STUDY THE NATURAL WORLD AND
EXPLAIN THE NATURE OF THINGS
•(EX. HOW THINGS WORK…)
WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC THEORY?
•A THEORY IS AN EXPLANATION OF A
NATURAL PHENOMENON THAT HAS BEEN
SUPPORTED BY MANY OBSERVATIONS
AND EXPERIMENTS OVER TIME.
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF NEW EVIDENCE
CONTRADICTED A THEORY?
•THE THEORY WOULD HAVE TO BE REVISED
TO FIT THE NEW EVIDENCE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE DATA?
• QUANTITATIVE DEALS WITH NUMBERS OR
QUANTITIES
• QUALITATIVE DEALS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
OBSERVATIONS BY OUR SENSES, EX. WHAT
DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
WHAT IS AN INFERENCE?
•COMBINING WHAT YOU KNOW WITH
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED TO DRAW A
LOGICAL CONCLUSION
WHAT ARE CONTROLS AND INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES?
• CONTROLS ARE USED FOR COMPARISON AND ARE NOT EXPOSED
TO THE EXPERIMENTAL FACTOR
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE THE TESTED FACTOR, OR WHAT THE
SCIENTIST IS MANIPULATING IN HIS/HER EXPERIMENT
• DEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE THE DATA, OR THE RESULTS THAT
DEPEND ON THE CHANGES TO THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT ARE THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• MADE OF 1 OR MORE CELLS • RESPONDS TO STIMULI
• DISPLAYS ORGANIZATION
• REQUIRES ENERGY
• GROWS AND DEVELOPS
• MANTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
• REPRODUCES
• ADAPTATIONS EVOLVE OVER
TIME
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOTIC AND
ABIOTIC FACTORS?
•BIOTIC – LIVING
•ABIOTIC – NON-LIVING
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOD CHAINS
AND FOOD WEBS AND WHAT DO THEY SHOW?
• FOOD CHAINS SHOW A SIMPLIFIED SINGLE PATH FOR ENERGY
FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM
• FOOD WEBS SHOW MANY INTERCONNECTED FOOD CHAINS AND
PATHWAYS FOR ENERGY FLOW THROUGHOUT THE ECOSYSTEM
• THEY SHOW PREDATOR/PREY AND PARASITIC RELATIONSHIPS
• REMEMBER THE ARROW POINTS IN THE DIRECTION OF ENERGY
FLOW (TOWARDS WHO IS DOING THE EATING)
WHAT HAPPENS IF 2 SPECIES HAVE OVERLAPPING
NICHES?
•COMPETITION – USUALLY WITH ONE
SPECIES BEING THE WINNER (LIVES) AND
THE OTHER BEING THE LOSER (DIES)
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOGISTIC AND
EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH?
• EXPONENTIAL IS UNLIMITED GROWTH
• LOGISTIC HAS LIMITING FACTORS THAT MAKE
THE POPULATION CURVE LEVEL OFF AT
CARRYING CAPACITY
WHAT TYPE OF BIOME HAS THE GREATEST DIVERSITY
OF PLANT LIFE?
•TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS!
•(TYPICALLY - THE CLOSER YOU GET TO THE
EQUATOR, THE MORE DIVERSITY OF LIFE)
IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE, WHAT ORGANISM
CONVERTS ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN INTO A FORM
THAT CAN BE USED BY LIVING THINGS?
• BACTERIA!
• NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA LIVE AT THE ROOTS OF
SOME PLANTS AND CONVERT NITROGEN INTO A
FORM THAT CAN BE TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS, AND
THEN EATEN BY ANIMALS, ETC.
IN THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE, WHERE IS MOST OF THE
PHOSPHORUS STORED IN THE ENVIRONMENT?
•ROCKS
EXCESS NUTRIENT RUNOFF, LIKE FROM AGRICULTURE
OR FACTORIES, CAN CAUSE WHAT DISRUPTION IN
BODIES OF WATER DOWNSTREAM?
•HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS
WHAT IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND?
•WHEN 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY
COMBINE, SUCH AS H2O OR CO2
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF AN ATOM (& THEIR
CHARGES AND LOCATION)
•NEUTRON – NEUTRAL IN NUCLEUS
•PROTON – POSITIVE IN NUCLEUS
•ELECTRON – NEGATIVE ORBITS AROUND
NUCLEUS
WHAT IS A COVALENT BOND?
A CHEMICAL BOND IN WHICH ELECTRONS
ARE SHARED
WHAT ELEMENT DO ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES
CONTAIN?
•CARBON
WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN CLASSES OF BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES?
•CARBOHYDRATES
•LIPIDS
•PROTEINS
•NUCLEIC ACIDS
WHAT ARE LIPIDS AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE UP OF?
•FATS, OILS, AND WAXES
•MADE OF FATTY ACIDS
•(LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE AND
WATERPROOF COATING)
WHAT TYPE OF MACROMOLECULE IS A STARCH SUCH
AS GLYCOGEN? WHAT MONOMER IS IT MADE UP
OF?
•CARBOHYDRATE – MADE UP OF SIMPLE
SUGARS OR MONOSACCHARIDES
•GLYCOGEN IS BROKEN DOWN INTO
GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY
WHAT IS THE MONOMER OF A NUCLEIC ACID? WHAT
ARE 2 EXAMPLES?
•NUCLEOTIDE
•DNA AND RNA
WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS (SUBSTRATES) AND
REACTANTS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
•REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
WHAT IS ACTIVATION ENERGY? HOW DOES LOWERING
THE ACTIVATION ENERGY AFFECT A CHEMICAL REACTION?
•THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO START
A CHEMICAL REACTION
•LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY MAKES
THE REACTION HAPPEN EASIER OR QUICKER –
ENZYMES DO THIS!
WHAT ARE ENZYMES? WHAT IS MEANT BY THE “LOCK
AND KEY” MODEL?
•PROTEINS THAT SPEED UP CHEMICAL
REACTIONS BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION
ENERGY
•ONE ENZYME FOR ONE SPECIFIC REACTION –
THEY AREN’T INTERCHANGEABLE
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC
AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS?
No nucleus
cytoplasm
nucleus
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING
ORGANELLES: NUCLEUS, ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOME, CHLOROPLAST, CILIA,
FLAGELLA
• NUCLEUS – HOLDS DNA
• ROUGH ER – TRANSPORTATION FOR PROTEINS MADE AT RIBOSOMES
• MITOCHONDRIA – CONVERTS GLUCOSE INTO ENERGY (ATP)
• LYSOSOME – CLEANS OLD WORN-OUT PARTS OF THE CELL
• CHLOROPLAST – SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS – CONVERTS SUN’S ENERGY INTO GLUCOSE
• CILIA AND FLAGELLA – FOR MOVEMENT (OR MOVEMENT OF STUFF OUTSIDE OF THE CELL)
WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY?
•ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF 1OR MORE
CELLS
•CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
•CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLS IN HYPERTONIC, HYPOTONIC,
AND ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS? IF MORE SOLUTE IS ADDED TO
A SOLUTION, DOES IT BECOME MORE HYPERTONIC OR
HYPOTONIC?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
TRANSPORT? GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF EACH AND INDICATED
WHAT TYPE OF SUBSTANCES ARE TRANSPORTED.
IN THE “FLUID MOSAIC MODEL” HOW DO THE
PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES MOVE AROUND
WITHIN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?
WHAT MOLECULE IS THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR
CELLS?
•ATP
WHAT MACROMOLECULE THAT WE EAT IS BROKEN
DOWN TO MAKE ATP?
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO
SIMPLE SUGARS SUCH AS GLUCOSE
• GLYCOGEN IS THE FORM OF CARBOHYDRATE
STORED IN YOUR BODY THAT CAN BREAK
DOWN INTO GLUCOSE
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL EQUATION THAT REPRESENTS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
WHAT ORGANELLE IS THE SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND WHY IS IT FOUND PRIMARILY IN LEAVES?
•CHLOROPLASTS
•LEAVES HAVE A LARGE SURFACE AREA
EXPOSED TO THE SUNLIGHT
WHAT IS THE PIGMENT THAT CAPTURES SUNLIGHT
DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
•CHLOROPHYLL
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL EQUATION THAT REPRESENTS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRODUCTS
AND REACTANTS IN THOSE 2 EQUATIONS?
•OPPOSITES!
•THE REACTANTS OF ONE ARE THE
PRODUCTS OF THE OTHER
WHAT ARE 3 FACTORS THAT LIMIT CELL SIZE?
• GETTING ENOUGH NUTRIENTS
• EXPELLING ENOUGH WASTES
• TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
• (HIGH SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO IN SMALL
CELLS IS BENEFICIAL)
DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING
INTERPHASE.
•GROWTH AND NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS
•DNA REPLICATION
•CHECKING DNA AND PREPARING TO
DIVIDE
WHAT HAPPENS DURING MITOSIS? WHAT HAPPENS
DURING EACH STAGE (PMAT)?
• PROPHASE – NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISAPPEARS AND
CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE. SPINDLE BEGINS TO FORM (LONGEST
PHASE)
• METAPHASE – CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN MIDDLE (EQUATOR)
(SHORTEST STAGE)
• ANAPHASE – SISTER CHROMATIDS PULLED APART
• TELOPHASE – SISTER CHROMATIDS ARRIVE AT POLES AND NEW
NUCLEAR MEMBRANES APPEAR
WHAT IS CANCER?
•UNCONTROLLED CELL CYCLE
•RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS
WHAT ARE SISTER CHROMATIDS?
•THE TWO SIDES OF THE CHROMOSOME
THAT CONTAIN IDENTICAL COPIES OF
DNA, HELD TOGETHER AT THE
CENTROMERE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHROMATIN AND
CHROMOSOMES?
• CHROMATIN – RELAXED VERSION OF DNA IN
INTERPHASE
• CHROMOSOMES – CONDENSED VERSION OF
TIGHTLY COILED AND PACKED DNA THAT
MOVES AROUND DURING CELL DIVISION
WHAT MAKES THE CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE
EQUATOR OR MOVE AROUND DURING MITOSIS?
•SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO THE
CENTROMERES AND PULL ON
CHROMOSOMES TO MOVE THEM WHERE
THEY NEED TO GO
HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES ARE IN THE 2
RESULTING DAUGHTER CELLS AFTER MITOSIS AND
CYTOKINESIS?
• THE SAME NUMBER AS THE ORIGINAL CELL
• IN MITOSIS THE DAUGHTER CELLS ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE ORIGINAL CELL,
THEREFORE IF THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD 14 CHROMOSOMES, THE DAUGHTER CELLS HAVE 14
CHROMOSOMES
WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF MITOSIS?
•TO CREATE IDENTICAL CELLS TO REPAIR
DAMAGED CELLS OR FOR ORGANISM
GROWTH