Download Chapter 20: National Security

Chapter 20: National Security (pp 616-655)
I.
Foreign Policy AND the National Defense
A.
Involves making choices, but the choices involved are about relations with the
rest of the world. The President is the chief initiator of foreign policy in the
United States.
1.
Before the cold war, a primary goal of the United States was to contain
communism and maintain a strong nuclear deterrence.
2.
Post cold war, President George H.W. Bush announced that the United
States was pursuing a “new world order,” causing critics to raise the
question whether that meant the United States would become the
policeman of the world.
B.
Instruments to formulating foreign policy constitutes a continuum of strategies:
FOREIGN POLICY CONTINUUM
ISOLATIONISM
FOREIGN AID
NEUTRALITY
1.
2.
3.
C.
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
DIPLOMACY
BLOCKADE
POLITICAL PRESSURE
(collective security)
DECLARED WAR
MILITARY INTERVENTION
(covert action, police action, etc.)
Military - war and the threat of war.
Economic - trade regulations, tariff policies, and monetary policies. It is
important to note the connection between a country’s economic vitality
to its long-term national security.
Diplomacy - The process by which nations carry on relationships with
each other.
The Players – Constitutionally Speaking
1.
The President – Article 2
a)
Negotiates Treaties (with 2/3 Senate approval) or Executive
Agreements (no approval required). (Article 2, Section 2, Clause
2)
b)
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. (Article 2, Section 2,
Clause 1)
c)
Appoints Ambassadors (with 2/3 Senate approval). (Article 2,
Section 2, Clause 2)
d)
Chief Diplomat with the sole power to officially recognize other
countries and receive (or refuse to receive) their representatives.
(Article 2, Section 3)
2.
Congress – Article 1
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a)
b)
c)
d)
II.
Sole authority to declare war (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11)
Senate determines whether treaties are ratified, ambassadorial
confirmations, and cabinet confirmations (Article 2, Section 2,
Clause 2)
Sole authority to raise and organize the armed forces. (Article 1,
Section 8, Clause 12)
Sole authority to appropriate funds for national security activities.
(Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12)
Foreign Policy Players and Participants Beyond the Constitution
A.
Actors within the United States
1.
The State Department is the diplomacy / foreign policy arm of the US
Government.
a)
Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson was the first) is the key
advisor on foreign policy matters.
b)
Staffs Embassies and Consulates.
2.
Department of Defense (DOD)
a)
Secretary of Defense (formerly called the Secretary of War)
manages a budget larger than the entire budget of most nations
and is the president’s main civilian adviser on national defense
matters.
b)
Unites the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines - the commanding
officers along with a chairperson and vice chairperson constitutes
the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
3.
Department of Homeland Security - Created in 2002 (Homeland Security
Act) to prevent terrorist attacks within the US; reduce the vulnerability
of the US to terrorism; and minimize the danger, and assist in the
recover, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States.
4.
National Security Council (NSC)
a)
Formed in 1947 by The National Security Act to coordinate
foreign and military policies.
b)
Composed of the President, Vice President, Secretary of Defense,
the Secretary of State, Secretary of Homeland Security, and the
national security adviser.
5.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
a)
An agency created after WWII (specifically 1947) that works
under the direction of the National Security Council to coordinate
American intelligence activities abroad.
b)
Provides information and analysis necessary for effective
development and implementation of national security policy.
6.
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) – created in 1908 to protect and
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7.
8.
9.
10.
B.
defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence
threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and
to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state,
municipal, and international agencies and partners.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
a)
Deals with those people seeking residence in the United States
from other countries.
b)
It is the agency charged with enforcing immigration policy; at
times, it becomes embroiled in controversial issues such as when
Vietnam, Haiti, and Cuba allowed their residents to set out to the
US on boats.
United States Information Agency – acts as the propaganda arm of the
United States using Voice of America shortwave radio station to inform
foreign countries of United States policy abroad.
United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
a)
Maintains responsibility for negotiations, participation, and
implementation of treaties dealing with disarmament.
b)
It has focused its attention on monitoring the Nuclear Test Ban
treaties, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), and the
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which resulted in the
Intermediate Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty in 1988.
c)
It also has oversight function regarding the Chemical Weapons
Treaty ratified by the Senate in 1997.
Selective Service System
a)
Maintains responsibility for coordinating and raising an army.
b)
During the Vietnam War it was a source of controversy with
critics maintaining that the draft policy favored those who could
gain deferment (middle and upper class).
c)
Since President Nixon established an all-volunteer army, the
Selective Service has existed on a standby basis, administering a
registration requirement that takes place when the young men
reach the age of 18.
Actors on the World State
1.
United Nations was created in 1945 and is located in NY City.
a)
Members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human
(health, education, welfare) and economic freedoms.
b)
The General Assembly (made of 191 member nations) allows each
nation to have one vote toward resolutions.
c)
The Security Council has 15 members, 5 of which are permanent
(US, Great Britain, China, France, and Russia) with the remainder
chosen from the General Assembly. Each permanent member has
a veto over Security Council decisions, including any decisions
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2.
3.
4.
5.
III.
that would commit the UN to a military peacekeeping operation.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - regulates international finance as a
clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues and develop
international plans and policies.
World Bank – provides monetary assistance to nations that develop
industries and aims to stimulate economic growth of third-world nations.
World Trade Organization - attempts to regulate international trade.
Universal Postal Union - helps get mail from one country to another.
C.
Regional Organizations
1.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a)
Created in 1949 with members US, Canada, and most Western
European nations, and Turkey.
b)
Agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one
as a war against all.
c)
Now includes Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and many
Eastern European nations.
2.
European Union (EU)
a)
An economic alliance of the major Western European nations.
b)
Coordinates monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies so
that its members have become one economic unit.
D.
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
1.
Account for more than one-fifth of the global economy.
2.
Sometimes are more powerful (and more wealthier) than the
governments under which they operate and have voiced strong opinions
about governments, taxes, and business regulations.
3.
Have been linked to agencies like the CIA to overturn governments they
disliked.
E.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) have long had international interests
and activities.
1.
Churches
2.
Environmental groups (Greenpeace)
3.
Human rights groups (Amnesty International) and
4.
Labor unions
Defense Policy - Policy is caught between the past practice of developing a powerful
nuclear deterrence and an uncertain future of budgetary reductions.
A.
The military-industrial complex has argued that a strong defense will ensure the
future security of the United States.
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B.
IV.
On the other-hand, the pressure to adjust to a non-cold-war world has resulted
in a serious effort to reduce the scope of the defense budget.
US Foreign Policy Highlights
A.
1800-1868 Prevailing foreign policy of Neutrality; however, also adopted a
policy of Manifest Destiny – the quest to expand the nation’s border from coast
to coast, as a driving force.
1.
1803 – The Louisiana Purchase, masterminded by Thomas Jefferson,
doubles the size of the country.
2.
1812 – The US engages Great Britain in the War of 1812 over boundary
disputes and naval engagements. Washington attacked. No clear-cut
victor.
3.
1823 – James Monroe announces his doctrine, which aims to keep Europe
from colonizing the Western Hemisphere.
4.
1848 – The Mexican War is fought, resulting in America acquiring
Texas. Through the Mexican Cession, we also get Arizona, New Mexico,
and California.
5.
1861 – During the Civil War the United States succeeds in preventing
foreign countries from intervening on the side of the Confederacy.
B.
1870-1917 Policy reflects interests driven by imperialism and a greater global
involvement.
1.
1872 – America acquires Samoan Islands.
2.
1875 – America signs treaty with Hawaii, which opens up a new market
for trade.
3.
1898 – Spanish-American War results in the United States getting
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba receives its independence.
4.
1899 – The Open Door Policy is jointly announced by China and the
United States.
5.
1901 – United States gets rights to build Panama Canal.
6.
1904 – Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine announced allowing
greater intervention in Latin American affairs by the United States.
7.
1907 – President Roosevelt calls for second Hague Conference aimed at
establishing the International Court of Justice to settle world disputes.
8.
1812 – The US engages Great Britain in the War of 1812 over boundary
disputes and naval engagements. Washington attacked. No clear-cut
victor.
C.
1917-1945 – Neutrality failed when Europe became embroiled in two world
wars.
1.
1917 – The United States enters World War I attempting to “make the
world safe for democracy.” Wilson announces 14 points, which include
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D.
the formation of a League of Nations and an appeal for nations to be able
to achieve political self-determination.
1919-1933 – Harding’s election and the failure of the Senate to approve
the Versailles Treaty signal a return to an isolationist policy. The start of
the Great Depression pulls the country back even further.
1927 – Kellogg-Briand Treaty aims at outlawing war.
1933 – Franklin Roosevelt announces the Good Neighbor Policy with
Latin America.
1939-1941 – After signing a series of Neutrality Acts, the United States
also agrees to a lend-lease policy with the Allies. Unrestricted submarine
warfare by Germany intensifies the debate.
1941 – After announcing a trade embargo against Japan, Pearl Harbor is
attacked, and we enter the war against Germany, Japan, and Italy.
1945 – The birth of the Atomic Age is ushered in by the dramatic
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which ends World War II.
The Cold War: 1945 (Truman) - 1972 (Johnson) – Containment of communism
was the primary goal with the threat of a nuclear nightmare taking the world to
the edge of destruction.
1.
1947 – Truman Doctrine, which supported the people of Greece and
Turkey in resisting communism, announced.
2.
1947 – The Marshall Plan for economic recovery of Europe implemented.
3.
1948 – Russian blockade of Berlin thwarted by United States airlift.
4.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a collective security
agreement, signed. The Soviet Union counters with the Warsaw Pact, a
mutual security treaty of communist countries.
5.
1949 – The Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb.
6.
1950 – China becomes communist and the Korean War begins.
7.
1954 – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) signed after North
Vietnam establishes communist government.
8.
1956 – Soviet Union crushed Hungarian uprising.
9.
1957 – Eisenhower Doctrine, which states readiness to use armed forces
to aid Middle Eastern countries threatened by communist aggression,
announced.
10.
1960 – Castro takes over Cuba and establishes communist government.
11.
1961 – Bay of Pigs invasion fails in Cuba. Berlin Wall built.
12.
1962 – Cuban missile crisis brings world to the brink of nuclear war.
13.
1962 – American troops are sent to Vietnam as advisors.
14.
1963 – Nuclear Test Ban Treaty outlawing atmospheric testing signed.
15.
1964 – gulf of Tonkin Resolution passes.
16.
1968 – Antiwar demonstrations reach a peak after the Tet offensive.
17.
1968 – Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty stopped and monitored the sread
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18.
19.
20.
of nuclear weapons to countries that did not have the bomb.
1969 – Nixon announces Vietnamization (turning over the fighting to
Vietnam’s armed forces while withdrawing American troops) policy.
1970 – Secret bombing of Cambodia revealed; students shot at Kent
State.
1971 – United States sends troops to Laos in order to cut off Viet Cong
supply lines.
E.
Era of Détente (the easing of tensions or strained relations): 1972 (Nixon) 1980 (Carter)
1.
1972 – Antiballistic Missile Treaty limited antiballistic missile sites and
interceptor missiles between the United States and the Soviet Union.
2.
1972 – Nixon visits China, and a period of détente emerges between the
Soviet Union and the United States resulting in the negotiation of an
arms control treaty (SALT).
3.
1973 – The United States signs peace treaty with North Vietnam.
4.
1973 – War Powers Act (establishing greater authority by both houses
if the president decides to commit American troops in a prolonged armed
action abroad) is passed by Congress.
5.
1976 – Nuclear Test Pact limiting underground tests is signed.
6.
1978 – Camp David Accords bring peace between Egypt and Israel.
7.
1979 – American embassy personnel held hostage by Iranians.
F.
Reagan Rearmament: 1981 (Reagan) - 1989 (Bush) – The Reagan Doctrine
signals a return to cold war rhetoric and policies. However, moves on the part of
USSR Premier Gorbachev aimed at perestroika, a move toward domestic reform
in the Soviet Union, and glasnost, the move toward easing the cold war, led to
the beginning of the end of communism.
1.
1983 – United States invades Grenada.
2.
1983 – Terrorist attack on United States Marines in Beirut.
3.
1985 – Summit meeting held between Reagan and Gorbachev.
4.
1986 – Iran-Contra affair uncovered; Congress holds hearings.
5.
1987 – Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty provided for the
dismantling of all Soviet and American medium and short-range missiles
and established a site inspection procedure.
Cold War Thaw / “New World Order”: 1989 (George H.W. Bush) – 2001
(George W. Bush) – world peace centered around the United States taking the
lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the
United Nations (NATO), and other countries acting in concert.
1.
1989 – The Berlin Wall falls and communism ends in Germany, Poland,
and Hungary.
2.
1990 – Communism ends in the Soviet Union; East and West Germany
G.
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H.
united.
3.
1991 – United States easily defeats Iraq in Persian Gulf War.
4.
1991 – Unsuccessful coup fails to oust Gorbachev; Yeltsin emerges as
new leader of Russia as Soviet Republics gain independence.
5.
1991 – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty provided for major reductions
in United States and Russian nuclear arsenals (the reductions were
expanded further in 1992 after Boris Yeltsin became Russia’s president).
6.
1992 – Events in Somalia and Serbia challenge principles of new world
order.
7.
1994 – United States ends trade embargo with North Vietnam.
8.
1994 – United States troops occupy Haiti in order to restore democratic
government.
9.
1995 – Peace accord between Bosnia, Serbia, and Croatia results in
deployment of 40,000 NATO and 20,000 United States troops to Bosnia.
10.
1997 – Expansion of NATO approved, results in admittance of Poland,
Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
11.
1997 – Chemical Weapons Ban Treaty banned the possession,
production, or transfer of chemical weapons for those nations
participating.
12.
1998 – Showdown with Iraq over the issue of UN inspection of chemical
weapons sites. The United States and Great Britain launch air strikes.
13.
1998 – Two American embassies destroyed by terrorist bombs, The
United States retaliates with air strikes against terrorist sites in
Afghanistan and Sudan.
14.
1999 – NATO declares war against Kosovo using air strikes to attain
victory.
15.
1999 – Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty defeated in the Senate.
16.
2000 – Fragile peace in the Middle East broken between Israel and
Palestine.
17.
2001 – Serbian leader Milosevic brought to trial in The Hague for war
crimes.
War on Terrorism: 2001 till present
1.
2001 – United States attacked by terrorists.
2.
2001 – United States invades Afghanistan in response to the terrorist
attacks and removes the Taliban from power.
3.
2003 – United States invades Iraq and removes Sadaam Hussein from
power.
4.
2004 – United States gives sovereignty to Iraq but keeps a large peacekeeping force in place.