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GRAMMAR Reviews • Important Notes to Study • These reviews are the highlights of the lectures in the classroom. Lesson 1 • Figures of Speech • Useful The function of different groups of words – Construct sentences – Punctuation – Common Language with professionals – HSAP Lesson 2 • Nouns person, place, thing Thing One:concrete Thing Two:abstract • Two Types –Common –Proper Capitalization Common:General- lower Proper: Specific- Capital Lesson 3 • To make nouns plural Nouns ---add an s ch, sh, x, or z Add an es • If the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y – vowel Add an s – consonant Change the y to an i and add es Exception to the y rules: Family name or a product name: Add an s Words that end in o Memorize the spellings Add s to make abbreviations plural Lesson 4 • Compound Nouns Nouns made up of more than one word add an s When making compound nouns plural, ------------- on the important noun. Examples: brothers-in-law runners-up. A few nouns you just have to memorize - tooth teeth oxen mouse mice -ox - child children deer deer - knife knives With some plural forms, you do have a choice : Computer mouse Cactus Index Bus mice or mouses cacti or cactuses indices or indexes Buses or busses dictionary When in doubt, check a ______________. The first plural form listed is the one that is the most common. Lesson 5 - Verbs A ________ is a word that _____________________, _____ another verb to a subject , _______ another verb or, or merely indicates ___________. Recognize the Types Action Linking Helping Action Verbs An ________ verb expresses __________ or________ action. Physical Action: _________________ _________________ _________________ Mental Action: _________________ _________________ _____ Linking Verbs A ________ verb does not express action; it _____________ a word (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that identifies or describes the subject) in the _____________ to the ___________. Linking Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been Taste Feel Smell Sound Look Stay Appear Become Seem Grow Remain Helping Verbs A _________ verb helps the main verb to make a statement. A verb ______ is a main verb and its ________verbs. This phrase can be interrupted by other verbs. Helping Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been Have Has Had Do Did Does Shall Will Should Will May Might Must Can Could Transitive / Intransitive A ________ verb is a verb that has _________ of the action to complete its meaning. An ________ verb is a verb that does ______ have a __________ of the action. Some verbs can be ________ or __________ depending on how they are used. Transitive verbs _________ action to an object and if you take the object out, it doesn’t make sense. Michael hit the ball. VERBS Action Linking Helping Action Verbs and Linking Verbs Action verbs describe action. Run Jump Linking or being verbs describe a state of being. linking verbs are not about action but about connecting other words together. The verb to be is the basic linking verb. The word is a form of the verb to be. Swim is Simple Forms of To Be: Present I am she/he/it is we/you/they are Past was was were Others that Link …. • • • • Seem Appear Look Become Verbs that describe the senses…. • Feel • smell NOTE: There are at least 60 linking verbs in the English language. Complications…… Some verbs can be both linking verbs and action verbs. • We grow tired. See if you can replace the verb with a form of to be. If so, it is probably a linking verb. • A tip – • We are tired. • It tastes salty. • It is salty. • He smells badly. • He is badly. Action or Linking – Practice Linking 2. The monkey looked for food. Action 3. The soup tasted good. Linking 4. I tasted the soup. Action 5. He grew into a tall man. Action 6. He grew tired of walking. Linking 7. Mother appeared happy at her party. Linking 8. Mother appeared quietly in the room. Action 9. The bugle sounded loudly. Action 10. The bugle sounds loud. Linking 1. The monkey looked hungry. Every complete sentence contains two parts: •a subject • a predicate. She ate pizza pizza. • The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, • The predicate tells something about the subject. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. • Transitive verbs express action upon a direct object. • The dog bit me. • She appealed the decision. • I dropped my backpack. • Intransitive verbs do not express action upon a direct object. • The rain poured through the open window. • The experiment failed. • The backpack dropped into the mud. Transitive Verbs have Voice. • Active voice – the subject is doing the action. • Sharon made mistakes. • The dog bit him. • I dropped the backpack. • Passive voice – the subject is receiving the action. • Use passive sparingly. • If the doer of the action is unknown. • If the object is more important than the doer of the action. • Many errors were made in the yearbook captions. Active or Passive – Practice 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna. passive 2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris. Passive 3. Pepe left the water running in the bathtub. active 4. Someone broke the window while we were away. active 5. John guarantees a splendid time for us all. active 6. Many errors were made in the baseball game. passive 7. Alex made many errors in the baseball game. active active 8. The mechanic replaced the car’s shock absorbers. 9. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents. passive 10. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone. passive Change the passive voice to the active 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna. 2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris. 3. Many errors were made in the baseball game. 4. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents. 5. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone. A few commonly misused verbs: …. Sit & Set Sit – to be seated Set – to put or place something I always ________ near a window. Please _______ the plant near the window. A few commonly misused verbs: …. Rise & Raise Rise – to go up Raise – to lift something ________ your hands. Please _______ the and recite the poem. A few commonly misused verbs: …. Lie & Lay Lie – to recline Lay –to put or play something. She ________ down to nap. Please _______ the book here. And others … Affect – to influence Effect – to accomplish or the result of an action Bring – movement toward you Take – movement away from you Can – ability May – permission Imply – to suggest Infer – To draw a conclusion Learn – To obtain knowledge Teach – to give instruction Let – to allow Leave – to go away from or to cause to remain