Download An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

AN OVERVIEW OF
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
 Anatomy
- The study of the structure and shape of the
body parts and their relationships to one another
 Gross
Anatomy - the study of large, easily observable
structures
 Greek
words - cut (tomy), apart (ana)
 Microscopic Anatomy
- cells and tissues that can only be
seen through a microscope
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
 Physiology
- The study of how the body and its
parts work or function.
 Physio
 ology
= Nature
= the study of
 neurophysiology?,
cardiac physiology?
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?

Lungs:

Walls of air sacs are made of thin
tissue

Used to exchange gases and
provide oxygen to the body

Heart:

Walls made of Muscle

Used to pump blood throughout the
body
HOW THEY WORK TOGETHER
STRUCTURE DETERMINES THE FUNCTION.
 Chemical

Ex: Water, Sugar, Protein
 Cellular

Level - made up of molecules
Ex: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
 Tissue

level - Atoms combine to make molecules
Level - made up from different types of cells
Ex: Epithelium, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 Organ

Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Intestines
 Organ

Level - Made up from different types of tissues
System - different organs working together
Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory
 Organism - made up of many organ systems

Animals, Humans, Plants, Insects, Amphibians
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Skeletal

Integumentary

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Respiratory
ORGAN SYSTEMS

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive
 Like
all complex beings, we maintain boundaries,
move, and respond to environmental changes
 Humans
take in and digest nutrients, carry out
metabolism, dispose of wastes, grow and reproduce
 Our
organ systems work together to promote the well
being of the human body
MAINTAINING LIFE
 Separates
“inside” from “outside.”
 Every
cell in the human body is surrounded by an
external membrane that contains its contents
 Cells
allow needed substances in, while restricting
damaging or unnecessary substances
 Not
to mention the Integumentary system, or our skin
MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
 Promoted
by the muscular system, aided by the
skeletal system
 Ability
to use our body to manipulate the external
environment
 Ability
to propel blood, breakdown food, excrete
wastes, utilizing every internal organ in the body
MOVEMENT


Also known as irritability - the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in
the environment and then react to them

Ex: burn on stove top - pain stimuli - pull hand back

Ex: amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises too high, body
automatically increases breathing rate to excrete excess CO2.
Nervous system is mainly responsible for responsiveness
RESPONSIVENESS
 Breaking
down ingested food into simple
molecules
 Molecules
are then absorbed into the blood
 Delivery
of molecules are transferred to all
body cells via the cardiovascular system
DIGESTION
 All
chemical reactions that occur within body cells
 Breaking
down complex substances into simpler
building blocks
 Uses
nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP molecules,
creating energy
 Utilizes
the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and
endocrine systems
METABOLISM
 Removing
 Rids
wastes from the body
the body of non-useful substances
 Utilizes
digestive and urinary systems
EXCRETION
 Production
of offspring
 Cellular
reproduction - original cells divides, and
producing two identical daughter cells, used for body
growth or repair
 Human
reproduction - sperm fertilizes an egg which
forms an embryo
 Regulated
by hormones in the endocrine system
REPRODUCTION
 An
increase in size
 Accomplished
cells
 Cell
by an increased number of
constructing activities must occur faster
than cell destroying activities
GROWTH

Nutrients - contains chemicals used for energy and cell building
(Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins)

Oxygen - chemical reactions that release energy from foods
require oxygen

Water - 60-80% of body is made up of water

Appropriate Temperature - 37 degrees Celsius, or 98 degrees
Fahrenheit, the lower the temperature the slower the metabolic
reactions become

Atmospheric Pressure - Force exerted on the surface of the body
by the weight of air. Exchange of O2 and CO2 also depend on
this pressure
SURVIVAL NEEDS
A
Dynamic state of equilibrium
 Body’s
ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the outside
world is continuously changing
 Homeo
 Stasis
- The Same
- Standing Still
HOMEOSTASIS
 Nervous
3
and endocrine systems
Components:

Receptor (input) - sensor that monitors and responds to
change (stimuli)

Control Center - (brain) via afferent pathways, analyzes
information and determines response

Effector (output) - via efferent pathway, tells the stimuli what
the control center wants
CONTROL MECHANISMS
 Negative
feedback - shut off the original stimulus to
reduce its intensity.

Ex: AC Unit

Used in body to regulate: heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration, blood glucose level, O2, CO2, and minerals
 Positive
feedback - Push stimulus further from its
original value.

the body rarely utilizes this type of feedback.
CONTROL MECHANISM
 To
understand the terminology associated
with the human body we must establish a
standard position
 Anatomical
Position
 Body
terminology used refers to different body
locations regardless of the body’s current
position
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Dorsal

Palmar

Plantar

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep
GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
 Orbital

Abdominal

Coxal

Acromial

Crural

Antecubital

Digital

Axillary

Femoral
 Pubic

Brachial

Fibular
 Sternal

Buccal

Inguinal

Carpal

Nasal

Cervical

Oral
 Patellar
 Pelvic
 Tarsal
 Thoracic
 Umbilical
ANTERIOR LANDMARKS

Cephalic

Deltoid


Gluteal
Lumbar

Occipital

Popliteal

Sacral

Scapular

Sural

Vertebral
POSTERIOR LANDMARKS
 Sagittal
Section - longitudinal, dividing the body into
right and left parts
 Mid-sagittal
size
Section - right and left parts are equal in
 Frontal
(Coronal) Section - longitudinal cut dividing
body into anterior and posterior parts
 Transverse
(Cross) Section - horizontal plane, dividing
body into superior and inferior parts
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
 Dorsal
Body Cavities:

Cranial Cavity - brain

Spinal Cavity - Spinal Cord
 Ventral
Body Cavities:

Thoracic Cavity - lungs and heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity - stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines,
reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
BODY CAVITIES
Upper
Right and Left
Lower
Right and Left
QUADRANTS
What
organs are in
each Quadrant?
URQ
ULQ

Right Lung

Heart, Left Lung

Liver

Stomach, Spleen

Gall-bladder

Left Kidney

Right Kidney

Pancreas

Intestines

Intestines
UPPER QUADRANTS
LRQ

Appendix

Intestines

Reproductive Organs

Urinary System
LOWER QUADRANTS
LLQ

Intestines

Reproductive organs

Part of urinary system