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Rome’s Rise to Power Rome’s Mythical Beginnings: Romulus and Remus • Romulus and Remus were believed to be the sons of a Latin princess and the god Mars. • The brothers taken from their mother as punishment and left to die on the Tiber river. • They were found by a she-wolf who fed them. • A shepherd killed the she-wolf and raised the brothers as his own. • When the brother grew older, they built a city on the Tiber river. • They argued over who would rule the city, and so Romulus killed Remus and named the city ROME. Rome’s Historical Beginnings • A group of people called the Latins settled on Palatine about 1200 BC and developed a city called Rome. • Around 800 BC, a people called the Etruscans settle north of the Latins in a city called Etruria. • The Etruscans were more culturally advanced than the Latins and ruled Rome for over 200 years. • In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the Etruscans and set up a republic. The Expansion of the Roman Republic Battle of Zama • Romans conquered & controlled all of Italy by 275 BC • Carthage ruled much of N. Africa, Spain, & Sicily • Rome felt threatened by Carthage because they controlled the Mediterranean Sea. • Conflict between Rome and Carthage leads to the PUNIC WARS: fighting for control of the Mediterranean Sea. • There were 3 Punic Wars and Carthage lost. • By 146 BC Rome controlled land around the Mediterranean Sea The Final Years of the Roman Republic: Julius Caesar • Because of the wealth the Punic Wars brought Rome, a gap between the rich and poor grew. • The Gracchi brothers, Gaius Marius, and Lucius Cornelius Sulla attempted to improve conditions in Rome. They: – Gave land & wheat to poor – Gave power to the army – Gave power to the senate The Final Years of the Roman Republic: Julius Caesar cont. • Julius Caesar, a Roman general, believed Rome needed a strong leader. • He conquered Northern France, Belgium, and Britain. He then marched on Rome. • Caesar defeated Pompey and became dictator of Rome in 46 BC. • Roman Senators feared that Caesar was going to make himself king so they plotted to kill him. • Julius Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The Roman Empire: Cleopatra’s Death • • • • • Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew) and Marc Antony (Caesar’s general) gained control of Rome and shared leadership: Octavian controlling the west and Antony controlling the east. Antony wanted to make the East independent and rule it with the queen of Egypt: Cleopatra. Octavian invaded Egypt and Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Octavian becomes the absolute ruler of Rome takes the new name, Augustus. He is seen as the first Emperor of Rome. Augustus introduced “PAX ROMANA,” an extended time of peace. The Roman Empire • Augustus’s successors continued to expand the empire by conquering Britain, Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. • The 5 emperors between A.D. 96 and A.D. 186 did many things to improve the empire. They: – Introduced economic programs – Created programs to support poor children – Made it illegal to kill a slave The Roman Empire • • • • • After the reign of the Five Good Emperors, civil war breaks out in A.D. 186. The ruling emperors lost control. In A.D. 284, Diocletian became emperor of Rome and realized its size made it too difficult to govern. Diocletian divides the empire into two. Eventually, Constantine emerged as Rome’s leader in A.D. 312. He moved the capital to the east and converted to Christianity. Internally, gladiatorial games were one sign of Rome’s decline.