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An Era of
Exploration
1400’s – 1600’s
11/3 Warm-Up
Finish this statement with
three different answers:
The goal of exploration
is to find new …
11/3 Warm-Up
Territory
Routes
Resources
Riches
Technology
Ideas
The Age of Exploration
1400’s – 1600’s
Other names for
The Age of Exploration:
1. The Age of Discovery:
- Advances in geographic knowledge and technology
- Search for new routes
- New age of scientific and intellectual curiosity
2. The Age of Reconnaissance:
- Military exploration of new territories
3. The Age of Expansion:
- Migration of Europeans to other parts of the world
Reasons The Age of Exploration Began
1. 14th century Europe began trading with Asian people
in areas like China or India. They brought back silk,
spices, and other luxuries.
2. Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453
3. Italy controlled the Mediterranean Sea.
If explorers wanted to go to Asia, they had to pay
the Italian tax.
The voyage was too long, dangerous, and expensive
with tolls.
4. The Renaissance & The Crusades encouraged
Europeans to look beyond The Old World.
5. Scientific Progress
- Larger ships (caravel)
- New inventions aided travel (compass)
6. The Three G’s: God, Gold, and Glory
Exploration was all about finding a way to Asia
by avoiding Italy.
Financing An Explorer
Explorers needed investors
to pay for:
1. Sailing vessels
2. Crew
3. Supplies
Investors were usually
governments or corporations
(East India Company)
Explorers acted as salesmen,
shopping their proposed
expeditions from one government
(court) to the next.
Decision: risk vs. reward
- 15th century gambling
Imperialism
When a country
attempts to influence
or control another
area in the world.
Law of the Land
1. Each country and each explorer will receive a bag of words.
2. At the signal, countries and explorers open their bags and assemble the words
inside to create a question or statement that matches mine.
3. Divine Right: The oldest citizen of each nation is that country’s monarch.
a. Wears the crown.
b. Will stand when the country has completed forming its question or statement.
c. Will provide the country’s final answer to the question posed.
d. Has final decision on which territory to claim.
4. Once a monarch stands, no citizen groups may touch the word pieces.
The order of completion will be recorded.
5. After a check for accuracy, the first four countries that correctly organized
the question or statement will have a chance, in the order they finished, to
choose the correct answer from among a set of choices.
6. The first country that can correctly answer the question will win territory.
7. The monarch will claim an available territory from the world map displayed
and give one reason as to why the country wants that territory.
8. If an explorer correctly answers the question first, (s)he has been commissioned
by the country of their choice and may join that nation.
9. If any citizen or explorer is off-task, it will be regarded as discontent within the
region and the country will be forfeit land rights for that round.
Question 1
The first Americans could
have arrived from all except:
A. China
B. Africa
C. Polynesia
D. Japan
B
Question 2
What was the European
nickname for the Atlantic?
A. The Sea of Darkness
B. The Great Monster
C. Waters of Doom
A
D. The Belly of The Beast
Question 3
Which area was not settled
by the Vikings?
A. Greenland
B. Ireland
C. Norway
D. Iceland
B
Question 4
The Vikings were superior
at what craft?
A. Farming
B. Metalworking
C. Animal herding
D. Shipbuilding
D
Question 5
Who was the first European
to reach N. America in 1001?
A. Eric The Red
B. Ferdinand Magellan
C. Leif Ericson
C
D. Christopher Columbus
Question 6
In what country was
Christopher Columbus born?
A. Italy
B. Spain
C. Portugal
D. England
A
Question 7
For what country did
Christopher Columbus sail?
A. Italy
B. Spain
C. Portugal
D. England
B
Question 8
What was the name of one
of Columbus’s ships?
A. The Deliverance
B. The Mayflower
C. The Santa Maria
D. The Jolly Roger
C
Question 9
How many crew members
were with Columbus?
A. 900
B. 90
C. 19
D. 9
B
Question 10
Why did Columbus change
course on October 7, 1492?
A. Spotted land
B. Rough seas
D
C. Follow another vessel
D. Follow a flock of birds
Question 11
On his first voyage, where
did Columbus actually land?
A. Roanoke
B. Indonesia
C. The Bahamas
D. Islands off of India
C
Question 12
How many total trips did
Columbus make to America?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
D
Question 13
Which is not true about
Christopher Columbus?
A. Wished his name on N.A.
B. Served as a governor A
C. Arrested and imprisoned
D. Died broke & an outcast
Question 14
Until a line was drawn, which
two countries disputed land?
A. England & France
B. France & Spain
C. Italy & Portugal
D. Spain & Portugal
D
Question 15
Which explorer first reached
India by going around Africa?
A. Ferdinand Magellan
B. Vasco Da Gama
C. Bartolomeu Diaz
B
D. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Question 16
Which good did Europeans
get from the Americas?
A. Oranges
B. Cattle
C. Corn
D. Bananas
C
Question 17
Which good did Native
Americans get from Europe?
A. Horses
B. Potatoes
C. Canoes
D. Beans
A
Question 18
Why was America named
after Amerigo Vespucci?
A. First to discover it
B. First to identify it
C. First to explore it
D. First to sail around it
B
Question 19
Which explorer looked for a
legendary Fountain of Youth?
A. Hernando De Soto
B. Peter Minuit
C
C. Juan Ponce De Leon
D. Bartolome De Las Casas
Question 20
Which explorer looked for
The Seven Cities of Gold?
A. Francisco Coronado
B. Hernando Cortez
C. Francisco Pizzaro
D. Hernando De Soto
A
Question 21
Which French explorer first
navigated the St. Lawrence?
A. Samuel De Champlain
B. Jacques Marquette D
C. Robert De La Salle
D. Jacques Cartier
Question 22
Which English explorer sailed
for the English and Dutch?
A. John Cabot
B. Captain John Smith
C. Henry Hudson
D. Sir Walter Raleigh
C
Direct Rule
The conquering country puts its own leaders in charge.
Advantage:
- Trust in leadership
Disadvantages:
- People resent leaders
- Constant threat of
revolt
Indirect Rule
Leave existing leaders in
charge & rule through them
Advantage:
- People more likely to listen
to their own rulers
Disadvantages:
- Less trust in leadership
- How well are instructions
carried out?
- Could organize rebellion
The Vikings
Fierce warriors from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
that terrorized the people of Europe.
Settled in Iceland and Greenland
Homeland: Cold weather and poor soil.
Attacked villages for loot, not to murder.
Europeans became afraid of The Atlantic Ocean:
Called The Sea of Darkness or The Green Sea of Doom.
Europeans settled into Feudalism, which
helped protect them from Viking attacks.
Known for their conquests but could be
farmers, merchants & crafts workers.
Finest shipbuilders of the time:
Built swift, light boats that could travel far
Early Voyages to the Americas
Numerous theories:
1. Asians continued crossing Bering Sea.
2. Polynesian seafarers
3. Chinese and Japanese fishing boats that blew off course
Real evidence has been hard to find
Leif Ericson
The son of Eric The Red
In 1001, he became the first
European to reach the coast
of North America .
Called it Vineland because he
believed there were many
grapes growing there.
They were actually berries.
Settlement of Vinland was
located in present-day
Newfoundland.
Vikings did not stay long in
Vinland and no one is sure why
they left.
Explorers Before Columbus
1. Prince Henry The Navigator (Portugal)
- Hoped to reach Asia by rounding
Africa but ended up trading European
goods for gold & ivory and setting up
slave trading posts along African coast.
2. Bartolomeu Diaz (Portugal)
- Reached the southern tip of Africa
(Cape of Good Hope), proving there
was an all water route to Asia, but his
men refused to travel further and he
was forced to turn back.
Christopher
Columbus
Italian sea captain
His plan: Enterprise of The Indies
Sail west across Atlantic to Asia.
He believed it would be a shorter
trip than traveling around Africa.
Like all explorers, he needed
financing (money and supplies)
and shopped his idea.
1451-1506
In 1484 Portugal said no. They had
already found a water route to
China by going around Africa.
Spain Signs On
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella eventually support
the voyage for two reasons:
1. Competition with Portugal
2. Spread Christianity
Columbus is given three ships:
The Nina
The Pinta
The Santa Maria
Crew: 90 sailors
Depart August 3, 1492
Tierra! Tierra!
Two months at sea,
29 days without seeing land,
and threat of mutiny.
October 7:
Changed course to follow flocks
of birds flying southwest.
October 12:
Lookout on Pinta spotted land.
Columbus convinced he
reached East Indies in Asia.
Called the local people Indians.
Actually landed on San Salvador
Island in The Bahamas.
Became known as The West Indies.
Spain Authorizes Colonies
Columbus returns successful
1. Gifts: New trade goods & Indians (Tainos)
2. Named Admiral of the Ocean Sea
3. Future voyages (three more) are financed
1493: Columbus establishes the first Spanish colony
in the Americas on Hispaniola.
(Present day Haiti & Dominican Republic)
Colony: A group of people who settle in a distant land
who are still ruled by the government of their
native land.
Columbus was a harsh, unsuccessful governor.
- Investigated, returned to Spain in shackles, tried,
imprisoned, later pardoned.
Columbus died still convinced he had reached Asia.
The Line of Demarcation
In 1493, the Pope drew an imaginary line to settle land
claim disputes between Spain and Portugal.
The Line of Demarcation was 100 leagues (320 miles) west
of the Cape Verde islands and ran from pole to pole.
All land west would belong to Spain.
All land east would belong to Portugal.
Portugal protested the line and in the
Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 it was moved west
270 leagues. (Allowed Portugal to claim Brazil)
English, French, and Dutch explorers ignored the line.
Spain
Portugal
Explorers
After
Columbus
1. Vasco Da Gama (Portugal)
- Became the first European to
reach India by sea by going
around the Cape of Good Hope.
2. Pedro Cabral (Portugal)
- Attempted to repeat Da Gama’s
voyage with a larger fleet but
was blown off course and
explored South America.
Explorers
After
Columbus
3. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (Spain)
- Crossing through the jungles of
Panama, he reached the Pacific
Ocean and claimed it for Spain.
4. Ferdinand Magellan (Spain)
- First to circumnavigate, or sail
completely around, the world.
Magellan was killed in the Philippine islands and never
completed the voyage.
Departure: 5 ships and 265 men
Arrival: 1 ship and 17 men
Columbus’s Legacy
False: Columbus discovered America.
- Native Americans had already settled.
True: Columbus’s voyages marked the beginning of a
lasting relationship between Europe, Africa, and
The Americas. (Columbus as Matchmaker)
Turning Point: A moment in history that marks a
decisive change.
The Columbian Exchange
A global exchange of goods, services, and cultural ideas
that began with Columbus’s voyages.
European goods changed the Americas:
1. Domestic animals like chickens, pigs, cattle, and horses
2. Plants like bananas, lemons, oranges, figs, bluegrass,
daisy, and dandelions
3. Diseases like smallpox and influenza
American goods changed Europe, Africa, & Asia:
1. Food crops like corn, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, squash
2. Skills like trapping, wearing snowshoes, building canoes
3. Political structures like The League of the Iroquois
Amerigo Vespucci
Italian sent to Spain in 1492
Went on first expedition as
a navigator in 1499.
Reached the mouth of the
Amazon River and explored
South America.
On his second voyage in
1501, he described his trip
to South America and was
the first to identify the New
World as separate from Asia.
Letters wildly more popular
than Columbus’s diary.
1454-1512
Named Pilot Major of Spain
in 1508
Inspired name for America:
German Martin Waldseemuller