Download Grammar Review - English with Mrs. Lamp

Grammar Review
Clause vs. Phrase
• Clause: A group of related words with both a
subject and a verb. May or may not be able to
stand on its own.
• Phrase: A group of related words without both
a subject or a verb. Acts as a noun, verb,
adverb, adjective, or preposition. Cannot
stand on its own.
Clause Types
• Independent Clause: She is older than her
brother.
• Dependent Clause: Because she is older than
her brother, she has to watch him sometimes.
– A word called a “subordinating conjunction”
introduces a dependent clause.
Phrase vs. Dependent Clause
• Both phrases and dependent clauses cannot
stand alone.
• However, dependent clauses must have a
subject and a verb, while phrases can only
have one.
• Also, dependent clauses start with
subordinating conjunctions, while phrases do
not.
Common subordinating conjunctions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
after
although
as
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
if only
in order that
now that
once
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
till
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while
Phrases that act like nous
• Simple noun phrases
– Noun + modifiers
– (Can be a subject, object of a verb, or object of a
preposition).
• Examples: A very tired Thomas looked for his blue shirt. The
substitute teacher taught all of the kindergarteners today.
• Gerund phrases
– Gerund (verb + -ing) + modifiers
• Example: She began thinking about her life.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
• Example: He likes to play soccer.
Write three sentences. Use each kind
of noun phrase and underline it.
• Simple noun phrase
• Gerund phrase
• Infinitive phrase
Phrases that act like adjectives
• Simple adjective phrases
– Adjective + modifiers
• Example: He was wearing his nice red shirt.
• Participial phrases
– Participle + modifiers
• Example: The children, needing guidance, asked for help.
• Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
– Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers
• Example: The man on the roof tried not to fall.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
• Example: Her plan to win student council president was a good one.
Write 4 sentences, include each type
of adjective phrase, and underline it.
•
•
•
•
Simple adjective phrases
Participial phrases
Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
Phrases that act like adverbs
• Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
– Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers
• Example: The babysitter shouted in a loud voice.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
• Example: He yelled to warn everyone about the broken
glass.
Write two sentences with adverb
phrases, underline each
• Prepositional phrase (sometimes)
• Infinitive phrase (sometimes)
Phrases that act like verbs
• Verb phrase
– Verb (+helping verb, sometimes) + all modifiers
– (It’s the predicate of the sentence.)
• Examples: She has been studying for three hours.
Thomas wrote an excellent essay.
Write one sentence with a verb
phrase. Underline it.
Absolute Phrases
• Modify (give information about) the entire
sentence.
– Noun or pronoun + participle + modifiers
– Resembles a clause, but its verb can’t stand alone
(it is not a “finite” verb)
• Examples: Her eyes on the clock, Lisa waited for her
shift to end. He looked different, his face expressing
worry.
Write one sentence with an absolute
phrase. Underline it.
Sentence Types
• Simple: Subject + Verb (Independent Clause)
• Compound: Two Independent Clauses joined
by a Coordinating Conjunction
• Complex: Independent Clause with one or
more Dependent Clauses. Always has a
Subordinating Conjunction or Relative
Pronoun.
• Compound-Complex: Two Independent
Clauses and one or more Dependent Clauses.
Sentence Types
• Simple: Some students prefer to do their
homework in the morning.
• Compound: Tina had to work tonight, but Alex
took the night off.
• Complex: When he finished his work, he
forgot to put his name on it.
• Compound-complex: The animal was scared,
but it was also angry, since it had been
cornered.
Break it down!
• Some students prefer to do their homework in
the morning.
– This is an independent clause. It has a subject
(students) and a verb (prefer), and it can stand alone.
– It is made up of many phrases!
• noun phrases (some students) (their homework)
• verb phrase (prefer to do their homework in the morning)
• infinitive phrase that acts like a noun because it is the object
of a verb (to do their homework)
• prepositional phrase (in the morning)
Simple sentence
• Write your own simple sentence. Circle the
subject and underline the verb.
Break it down!
• Tina had to work tonight, but Alex took the
night off.
– This sentence has two independent clauses. Each
has a subject (Tina/Alex) and a verb (had/took).
– It is made of many phrases!
• Verb phrases (had to work tonight/took the night off)
• Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the
object of the verb “had” (to work tonight)
• Noun phrase because it is the object of the verb “took”
(the night off)
Compound sentence
• Write your own compound sentence
• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs
Break it down!
• When he finished his work, he forgot to put his
name on it.
– This sentence has a dependent clause (subject: he.
verb: handed. subordinating conjunction: when).
– It also has an independent clause (subject: he. verb:
forgot)
– It is made up of phrases!
• Verb phrases (finished his work/forgot to put his name on it)
• Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the object of
the verb “forgot” (to put his name on it)
• Prepositional phrase acting as an adverb because it answers
the question “what” (on it)
Complex sentence
• Write your own complex sentence
• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs
Break it down!
• The animal was scared, but it was also angry,
since it had been cornered.
– This sentence has two independent clauses and
one dependent clause. Subjects: animal/it/it.
Verbs: was/was/had been.
– It is made up of verb phrases: was scared/was also
angry/had been cornered.
Compound-complex sentence
• Write your own compound-complex sentence.
• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs.