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Transcript
Biological Molecules Chapter 2 99 percent of all life is made of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Macromolecules Polysacharides Proteins Nucleic acids Polymerisation Repeated reactions to build up larger molecules Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen General formula Cx(H20) y Consisting of monosacharides, disacharides and polysacharides monosacharides Sugars, with the general formula (CH2O)n Named according to the number of carbon atoms End in -ose triose, pentose and hexose Used mainly as an energy source (conversion between ATP and ADP) Two can monosacharide molecules can join to form a disacharide (also a sugar) Polysacharides Formed by polymerisation of monosacharides Can form thousands of chains in length. Usefull polysacharides include starch, glycogen and cellulose Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) are formed so as not to interfere with cell chemistry and osmosis. They can be quickly broken down to glucose and used as energy. (hydrolysis) Cellulose A strong molecule forming the cell wall in plant cells High tensile (pulling force) strength near equal to steel. Allows the cell wall to withstand high pressure when the membrane exerts pressure. Lipids Group includes Triglycerides (commonly called fats and oils) Insoluble in water, though soluble in organic compounds such as ethanol. Saturated and unsaturated, refers to wether or not the maximum number of hydrogen bonds have been formed. Used as an excellent energy source (more calorific than carbs) and insulation, and bouyancy in marine life. Water solubility Hydrophobic ( water hating or scared of water) Hydrophilic (water loving) Proteins Used to build cell membranes Used to build heamoglobin Used to build enzymes All made from the group of 20 exsisting amino acids. Amino acids Several hundred amino acids can join to form a protein. Ribonuclease is a very important protein Testing for biological molecules Lipids – Disolve in ethanol, then add mixture to water. A milky emulsion is a positive result. Reducing sugars- add Benedicts solution and heat. A brick red colour is a positive test. Protein- add to buirett solution. A dark purple colour is a positive result. Cellulose- Add iodine solution. A black colour is a positive test.