Download America Claims An Empire

BECOMING A WORLD POWER
CHAPTER 14
WARM UP
Why did the U.S. become involved with the
Mexican Revolution?
Key Terms Due – Wed. 19-Oct
Study Guide Due – Thurs. 27-Oct
Ch 14 test – Thurs. 27-Oct (50 Qs, scantron)
VIDEO QUESTIONS:
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What territories did the US take over during its history?
Why were the 1890s tough for Americans?
Where did we build a canal?
How did we begin demonstrating nationalism?
What did Alaska provide for US? What did Hawaii provide?
What territory was the US willing to go to war over?
What were the 2 important battles of the Spanish-American
war?
8. What territories did we gain from the Spanish-American
War?
9. What did anti-Imperialists argue?
10. What drove American imperialism?
YELLOW JOURNALISM ACTIVITY
• As a pair (that’s right… 2 people!)
1) come up with a headline that
Revolution in China!
would sell papers
2) draw a picture that would
grab attention
3) Write a short paragraph
Chinese rebels want to expel all civilizing
describing the event
influence of the Western nations. They have
brutally murdered innocent victims, who
* make it dramatic!
never had violence in mind! These crazed
killers even murdered their own, simply for
converting to Christianity from their native
pagan beliefs! The country is demanding
military action in China.
AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM
• Americans had always sought to expand the size of the nation
• Now extending that size into the Pacific with Hawaii and Alaska
• Wanted to join the ranks of other Imperialist nations (Britain,
France, Portugal, Netherlands, etc.)
• Eventually wanted to have territories overseas, just as the
Europeans had been doing for hundreds of years
• 3 factors influenced US Imperialism
• Desire for military strength
• Thirst for new market
• Belief in cultural superiority
DESIRE FOR MILITARY STRENGTH
• American leaders wanted the US to build up its
military presence
• Wanted to compete with other nations and
establish the US as a world power
THIRST FOR NEW MARKETS
• Advances in technology gave American farmers the ability to
produce far more than Americans could consume
• Needed raw materials for the factories and new markets to sell
the manufactured goods
• Imperialists saw foreign trade as an opportunity to turn
overproduction into profit
• Thought it could help to reduce unemployment and economic
depression
• Europe especially wanted to exert control over their colonies,
and turned them into protectorates
• Imperial power protects local rulers against rebellions and invasion
• These rulers had to agree to the imperial power's wishes
BELIEF IN CULTURAL SUPERIORITY
• Some combined the ideas of Social Darwinism
with the belief that Anglo-Saxons and their
descendants were genetically superior
• Thought that the US had a responsibility to spread
Christianity and “civilization” the “inferior” people
of the world.
• Linked with the American idea of Manifest Destiny
TRADE WITH JAPAN
• Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated a trade treaty with
Japan
• Previously, Japan had resisted trade with western nations
• But the strength of the American navy intimidated the Japanese
• Treaty of Kanagawa – US had the right to trade at 2
Japanese ports
US ACQUIRES ALASKA
• William Seward (Sec. of State under Lincoln and
Johnson) pushed the president to buy the Alaskan
territory from Russia
• Purchase was nicknamed “Seward’s Folly” and
“Seward’s Icebox”
• Joke was on them – Alaska was rich in timber,
minerals and oil
US TAKES HAWAII
• 1867 – US took over Midway Islands (no one lived
there, so no one complained). Hawaii, however,
had a native population
• Hawaii had been a waypoint for American
merchants for over 100 years, and was a major
exporter of sugarcane
• In 1800s, sugarcane owners wanted to become
part of the US
• Given duty-free sugar rights
• Pearl Harbor was built as a refueling station for
American Navy
US TAKES HAWAII
• At the same time, Hawaii's king was forced into
amending their constitution into only allowing
wealthy plantation owners to vote
• After his death, Queen Liliuokalani came to power and
wanted to return the power to the native Hawaiians
• Business groups, with the help of the marines, overthrew
the Hawaiian gov't
• President Cleveland refused to honor the annexation of
Hawaii until the majority of all Hawaiians approved
• When McKinley became president, he automatically named
Hawaii an American territory
• Hawaiians never had a chance to vote
CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN
• By the end of the 1800s, Spain had lost the
majority of its colonies
• Held onto Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and a
few holdings in Africa
• Rebelled against Spain 1868-1878
• Not successful
• 1886 Cubans forced Spain to abolish slavery
AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA
• US had an interest in controlling Cuba for many
years
• Only 90 miles south of Florida
• Had previously offered to purchase Cuba from
Spain
• Sympathized with the Cubans in their rebellion
against Spain
• After abolition of Cuban slavery, Americans began
investing in sugar cane plantations in Cuba
• Most of Cuba's exported sugar went to the US
SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
• 1895 – Cuban poet and journalist, Jose Marti,
launched a revolution
• Used a guerilla campaign and deliberately
destroyed property
• Destroyed plantations owned by Americans – wanted
their support
• US was split on supporting Cuba
WAR FEVER ESCALATES
• Spain responded by creating concentration camps in
Western Cuba
• Could not help the rebels
• Thousands died from hunger and disease
• Reporters used yellow journalism to garner sympathy
for the Cubans
• Told exaggerated stories or poisoned wells and children
thrown to sharks
WAR FEVER ESCALATES
• After war was publicized in US, Spain relaxed rules in
concentration camps and gave Cuba limited self-gov't
• 1898 – a letter written by the Spanish minister to the US
was leaked – the letter criticized the actions of President
McKinley
(De Lôme Letter)
U.S.S. MAINE
• A few days after the letter was published, the U.S.S.
Maine was blown up in the harbor of Havana
• Sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens and protect
American property
• Newspapers blamed the Spanish, but there was (and
still is) not proof of that claim
• McKinley asked Congress for the authority to declare
war on Spain, it was given 1 week later
WAR WITH SPAIN
• US wanted war with Spain
• People didn't care that Spain agreed to everything
the US demanded (including a cease-fire)
• Spanish troops were weak, sick, and unprepared to fight
• Spain knew it would have to surrender at some point
• US was not prepared for war either
• Volunteers were not trained or equipped properly
WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Spanish thought the Americans would invade Cuba,
but the Americans went for the Philippines
• US troops fired on the Spanish fleet, and destroyed
every ship
• Filipinos supported US troops (wanted
independence)
• Within 4 months of fighting, Spain surrendered to US
WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
• Began with a naval blockade, but the majority of
American ground troops were ill-prepared
• Lacked adequate training and supplies, few effective leaders, most
officers had served in the Civil War
• Fought with an army of 17,000 men, including the
Rough Riders (volunteer cavalry led by Leonard
Wood and Theodore Roosevelt)
WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
• Battle of San Juan Hill – uphill charge by Rough
Riders and 9th and 10th cavalries
• Cleared the way for an infantry attack
• While the Rough Riders only played a small part,
Roosevelt was declared the hero of San Juan Hill
• Spanish tried to escape by boat, but the Americans
destroyed the Spanish fleet
• Americans than invaded Puerto Rico
TREATY OF PARIS
• US and Spain signed a cease-fire, then met in Paris
a few months later to negotiate a treaty
• Spain freed Cuba
• Guam and Puerto Rico became property of the US
• Spain sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million
• Overall result – US becomes a world power
DEBATE OVER THE TREATY
• Debate emerged over whether or not the US should control
the Philippines (aka: imperialism)
• McKinley tried to justify it by saying that it was the job of the US to
"uplift and Christianize them" (Filipinos had been Christian for
centuries)
• Some believed that annexing the Philippines was in violation
of the Declaration of Independence (denies them self-gov't)
• Booker T. Washington believed that the US should worry
about the problem of civil rights before taking on problems
elsewhere
• Labor leaders feared that Filipinos would compete for
American jobs
RULING PUERTO RICO
• US gave no promises about independence after the
Spanish-American War
• General Nelson Miles occupied the island during
the war
• His soldiers took control, but reassured the citizens that
the Americans were there to protect them, their
property, their prosperity and to set up a government
• Puerto Rico remained under military rule
FORAKER ACT
• Congress passed the Foraker Act, which ended
military rule and set up a civil gov't
• President can appoint a governor for Puerto Rico
• 1917 – gave US citizenship to all Puerto Ricans
CUBA AND THE US
• When US declared war against Spain, it recognized
Cuba's independence, and stated that it had no
interest in taking over any part of Cuba
• After the war, the same officials that served Spain,
remained in office to serve the US, those who
protested were imprisoned or exiled
• US did provide food and clothing for many
families, organized elementary schools, helped
revive farming, and improved sanitation
PLATT AMENDMENT
• 1900 – Cuban gov't created their own constitution
• Did not specify the relationship between US and
Cuba
• US insisted that Cuba add an amendment
PLATT AMENDMENT
• Platt Amendment stated that
• Cuba cannot make treaties that might limit its independence
or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory
• US reserves the right to intervene in Cuba
• Cuba cannot go into debt
• US can buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and
refueling stations
• Some Cubans were insulted by the language of the
amendment, were willing to fight the US over it
• Remained in effect for 31 years
• Cuba was a protectorate of the US for that time
AMERICAN BUSINESS INTERESTS
• Most important reason the US wanted to maintain a
political hold on Cuba was to protect American business
interests (sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads, public utilities)
• Businesses were divided on remaining involved in Cuba,
some feared too many entanglements
• US state department pushed for involvement in Latin
America
FILIPINOS REBEL
• Filipinos were outraged over the Treaty of Paris
• US ended up occupying the same role as Spain had
previously
• US forced the rebelling Filipinos to live in designated
zones (poor sanitation, starvation, disease)
• Same practice the US disparaged Spain for doing in Cuba
• American soldiers tended to look at Filipinos as
inferior, African American soldiers were upset by the
racial attacks, and often deserted to the Filipino side
AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
• After suppressing the rebellion in the Philippines,
US set up a gov't similar to the one in Puerto Rico
• Philippines slowly moved towards independence,
became an independent nation on July 4, 1946
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
• US imperialists saw Philippines as a gateway to
Asia – especially China
• China was a large, potential market for American
products
• Already had economic settlements from other
nations (nicknamed spheres of influence) all
over the coast of China
• Each nation claimed special rights and economic
privileges
OPEN DOOR NOTES
• US feared that China would carved into colonies
and Americans would be shut out
• Secretary of State issued a series of policies called
the Open Door Notes
• Letters addressed to leaders of imperialist nations
proposing that these nations share trading rights with
the US
• Meant that no nation would have a monopoly on trade
with any part of China
• Other countries reluctantly accepted it
•
** Nicknamed the Open Door Policy
BOXER REBELLION
• China kept its freedom, but Europeans dominated
most of China's large cities
• Chinese were very resentful – created secret
societies to get rid of the "foreign devils"
• Most famous group was the Boxers
• Killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners,
including Chinese converts to Christianity
• August 1900 – troops from Britain, France, Germany,
Japan and US marched on the Chinese capital in an
attempt to put down the rebellion
PROTECTING AMERICAN RIGHTS
• US feared that European nations would use their
victory to take greater control of China
• John Hay issued another series of Open Door notes
• "US would safeguard for the world the principle of
equal and impartial trade with all parts of the
Chinese Empire" - led to greater American
influence in China
• Showed the 3 beliefs of American capitalism
• Growth depends on exports
• US has the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open
• Feared closing of an area to American products
IMPACT OF US TERRITORIAL GAINS
• Under McKinley, the US established the beginning
of an empire
• Anti-Imperialist League started forming
• Included some of the most prominent people in the US
(Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain)
• Believed that it was wrong for Americans to rule
other people without their consent
TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE WORLD
• Russia declared war on Japan (both were competing for
control of Korea)
• Japan launched a surprise attack and defeated 2 waves of the Russian
fleet
• Japan took control of Korea and Manchuria (northeastern region of
China)
• Japan was running out of troops and money – secretly
contacted Roosevelt and asked him to negotiate a peace treaty
• 1905 – Russia and Japan met with Roosevelt as a mediator
• Roosevelt received the 1906 Nobel peace Prize for his actions
• US and Japan continued diplomatic relations, pledged to
respect the other's holdings and business interests
PANAMA CANAL
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• Many Latin American countries had borrowed money
from European countries in order to improve
infrastructure and industry
• Roosevelt feared that Europe would intervene if the
Latin American countries defaulted on the loans
• Wanted the US to be the power in Caribbean and Central
America
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• Used the Monroe Doctrine to demand that
European powers stay out of Latin American
affairs
• Added the Roosevelt Corollary – disorder in Latin
America may force the US to exercise international police
power (especially in cases of US economic interests)
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
• US exercised their police power in Latin America on
several occasions
• 1911 rebellion left Nicaragua near bankruptcy
• US loaned money to Nicaragua to pay its debts
• US was repaid through taxes on private imports, gained
control of railroad system and banks
• Nicaragua rebelled against President Diaz, US sent Marines to end the
revolt
• Taft created Dollar Diplomacy – using US gov't to
guarantee loans made by US businesses
• Often used to justify keeping Europe out of the Caribbean
WOODROW WILSON’S
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
• Wilson gave a moral tone to the Monroe
Doctrine
• US has the moral responsibility to deny
recognition to an Latin American gov't that the
US views as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile
to US interests.
• Pressured nations to establish a democracy
Roosevelt
Corollary
Which
President?
What is it?
Effect
Dollar
Diplomacy
Missionary
Diplomacy
INTERVENTION IN MEXICO
• Wilson adopted a plan of waiting before he
could intervene in Mexico
• 1914 – a small group of American sailors
was arrested, then quickly released
• Wilson use it as an excuse to intervene in Mexico
• Incident brought the US and Mexico close to war
(Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated)
MEXICAN REVOLUTION
• Mexico had been ruled for over 30 years by
dictator Porfirio Diaz
• Encouraged US investments
• US businesses owned large shares of Mexican oil wells,
mines, railroads, and ranches
• Investors and landowners got rich, common people
stayed poor
• 1911 – Mexican peasants and workers overthrew
Diaz, led by Francisco Madero
• Promised democratic reforms, but could not satisfy the
demands of the revolutionaries
REBELLION IN MEXICO
• Francisco "Pancho" Villa and Emiliano Zapata
opposed the new gov't in Mexico (led by Carranza)
• Zapata was dedicated to land reform, and hated
the actions of the President Carranza
• Villa wanted the support and aid of the US, but
hated the fact that President Wilson supported
Carranza
• Villa invited American engineers to run mines in Mexico,
killed them while en route, then later killed 17
Americans in New Mexico
CHASING VILLA
• Americans wanted revenge
• President Wilson sent 15,000 soldiers to
Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive
• He evaded capture for almost a year
• Meanwhile, Mexicans were upset by the
invasion of their land by American forces
CHASING VILLA
• June 1916 – US troops clashed with
Carranza's army
• Carranza wanted US troops to withdraw, Wilson
refused
• Both sides eventually backed down
• US was preoccupied with WWI
• Mexico created a constitution and gave control of the
oil and mineral resources directly to the gov't, placed
strict regulations on foreign investors
McKinley
Hawaii
Alaska
San Juan Hill
Queen Liliuokalani
Rough Riders
Cleveland
Roosevelt
Yellow Journalism
USS Maine
Jose Marti
Treaty of Paris
Puerto Rico
Dollar diplomacy
Cuba
Roosevelt Corollary
Philippines
Missionary diplomacy
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Boxer Rebellion
Open Door Policy
Platt Amendment
Foraker Act
Panama Canal
Treaty of Kanagawa
3 factors influenced American Imperialism