Download Chapter 9 - Mrs. O`Hare Barrows` Classroom Web

Cell Processes
Chapter 9
Mixtures
O mixture is a combination of substances not
chemically bonded
O solution is a mixture evenly combined
O suspension is a mixture originally evenly
combined, but the substance eventually
sinks to the bottom
Organic Compounds
O associated with living things
O always contain carbon and hydrogen
O Four groups make up all living things
O carbohydrates
O lipids
O proteins
O nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
O supply energy for cell processes
short term energy storage
O sugars and starches
O
Lipids
O long-term energy storage
O forms the cell membrane (phospholipids)
O fats, oils, cholesterol
Proteins
O regulate cell processes
O build cell structures
O skin, hair
Nucleic Acids
O carry hereditary information
O used to make proteins
O DNA and RNA
Inorganic Compounds
O generally made from elements other than
carbon
O used by living things
O generally contain fewer atoms than organic
molecules (smaller)
O water is the most important inorganic
compound
Importance of Water
O living things are made up of over 50% water
O all chemical processes take place in water
O most organisms use water to transport
materials through their bodies
Moving Cellular Material
O cell’s membrane is selectively permeable –
it allows some molecules to pass back and
forth through it, but not all
O movement depends on:
O size
O the path the molecule takes
O whether or not energy is used
Passive Transport
O movement of a substance through a cell’s
membrane without the use of energy
O three types
O diffusion
O osmosis – diffusion of water
O facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
O movement of any molecule from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
O air freshener moving through a room
O partial's continue to move until evenly
spread out – equilibrium is reached
Diffusion
Diffusion
O high concentration to low concentration
O occurs with smaller molecules, particles like
gases (oxygen)
O passive transport
Osmosis
Osmosis
O diffusion of water into a cell
O cell’s are made up of water and are
surrounded by water
O cell’s shrink if water diffuses out of them,
plant cells wilt
O cell’s swell if too much water diffuses into
them, red blood cell’s burst
Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
O some particles are too large to diffuse
through the cell’s membrane
O transport or carrier proteins create an
opening through the membrane for these
particles to pass through
O still passive transport because particles are
moving from high concentration to low
Active Transport
O moving material into or out of the cell using
energy
O requires the use of transport or carrier
proteins
O moving against the concentration gradient,
low concentration to high
O moving against a crowd
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
O transportation of large particles in and out
of a cell
O cell membrane folds in on itself and forms a
vesicle around the particle
O endocytosis – moving large particles into
the cell
O exocytosis – moving large particles out of
cell
Section 2 Review
O Cell membranes are selectively permeable
because they allow some molecules to pass
through, but not others. For example, iodine
could pass through the dialysis membrane,
however the starch could not.
Section 2 Review
O Osmosis and diffusion are both ways cells
move material across the cell membrane.
They both move materials from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration. However, osmosis is the
diffusion of water across a cell membrane;
diffusion can apply to any form of matter.
Section 2 Review
O Endocytosis and exocytosis are both
important cell processes. Molecules and
particles that are too large to move by
diffusion or by the cell’s transport proteins
can move into a cell by endocytosis and out
of a cell by exocytosis.
Section 2 Review
O Fresh fruits and vegetables are sprinkled
with water at produce markets because the
water will diffuse into them and keep them
crisp.
Section 2 Review
O Drinking large amounts of seawater would
be dangerous for humans because the high
levels of salt in seawater would cause water
to move out of the cells, resulting in
dehydration.
Energy for Life
O Where do you get energy from?
O From food!
Energy for Life
O As the food is broken down through
chemical reactions, energy is released
O Sum of all chemical reactions in an
organism is called metabolism
O Enzymes are a special type of protein that
helps speed up chemical reactions in our
bodies
Photosynthesis
O producers - organisms that can make their
own food
O consumers – organisms that cannot make
their own food
O photosynthesis – process where producers
use light energy to make sugars
O chloroplasts – organelle in green plants
that captures light energy to use in
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
O reactants
O carbon dioxide
O water
O products
O sugar (glucose)
O oxygen
O Light energy stored in the glucose bonds
Respiration
O respiration – chemical reaction that breaks
down food to release their stored energy
O both producers and consumers carry on
respiration
O opposite process of photosynthesis
Respiration
Fermentation
O sometimes cells need to obtain energy, but
there is no oxygen present to complete
cellular respiration
O glucose (sugar) breaks down and energy is
released
O lactic acid, alcohol and oxygen are released
Section 3 Review
O Producers make food and consumers get
energy by eating producers, by eating food
made by producers, or by eating other
consumers. Examples of producers are
flowers, corn and grass. Examples of
consumers are flies, humans and lions.
Section 3 Review
O Energy used by living things is released from
food molecules during cellular respiration.
Photosynthetic producers convert light
energy – usually from the Sun – into the
chemical energy in the sugar molecules they
produce. Consumers get this energy by
eating producers or other consumers that
eat producers.
Section 3 Review
O Fermentation and respiration are both
cellular processes that release energy. The
amount of energy released by fermentation
is less than that released by respiration.
Also, fermentation does not use oxygen as a
reactant.
Section 3 Review
O Some indoor plants can improve the quality
of the air in the room because they remove
carbon dioxide, use it for photosynthesis,
and release oxygen as a product of that
cellular process.
Section 3 Review
O The number of atoms before and after
photosynthesis is the same:
C= 6, H = 12, O = 18