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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Prefix/suffix Levels of Organization Basic Functions Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Homeostasis Regulation Intro to Organ Systems Language of Anatomy Levels of Organization • We will examine the human body at several different levels, from submicroscopic (cannot see without a microscope) to macroscopic (can see with the naked eye) • Shows relationships between the levels of organization • The organization at each level determines both structure and function. Levels- smallest to largest • Molecular Level- composed of Atoms (P,N,E). The number of protons the atom has determines what element (He, O) it is. These elements combine to form different shaped molecules, all with different functions. • Organelle Level- the different molecules, all with a specific function, combine together to form an organelle. Example: mitochondria, ribosome • Cellular Level- different organelles interact to form a cell, the basic unit of life. • Tissue Level- similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Example: Heart Muscle cells group together to form Cardiac tissue • Organ Level- consists of 2 or more tissues working together to perform a specific function. Example: heart, lungs • Organ System Level- consists of 2 or more organs working together to perform a specific function. Example: Respiratory System: heart, lungs, blood vessels. • Organism Level- consists of 2 or more organ systems working together to sustain life. Example: human How are they connected? • When something affects one part of the organization level, all other levels will be affected. Example: What would happen if you lost a massive amount of blood?? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) The heart cannot pump blood effectively Blood cannot flow properly Oxygen and nutrients will not be distributed to other cells Cells of various tissues will start to die Organs will stop working throughout the body Eventually the organism will die Basic functions all organisms perform • Responsiveness (Respond)- respond to changes in their environment • Stimulus/response effect: • Stimulus- change in environment • Response- how u react • Example: You place your hand on the hot stove……. • Growth- increase in size through the growth and number of cells • Individual cells become specialized (Differentiation) • Reproduction- creating more generations • Sexual- 2 parents creating a child, combining 2 sets of DNA • Asexual (Mitosis)- 1 parent, making exact copies of cells • Movement- internal (food, blood) or external (through the environment) • Metabolism- all the chemical reactions happening in the body. • Example: the complex reactions that convert food into energy. • Most metabolic reactions create waste (harmful unneeded products) that the body needs to get rid of (excrete) Break down of A&P • Anatomy- the study of internal and external structure • Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)- visible with the eye • Surface- general form and markings • Regional- features in a specific region • Systemic- structures of major organ systems • Microscopic Anatomy- structures that cannot be seen without magnification • Example: cytology, histology • Physiology- the study of how organisms perform their vital (needed) functions • • • • Cell physiology- study the function of the cell Special physiology- study of the function of a specific organ Systemic physiology- study of the function of a whole system Pathology- diseases of organs and the systems functions Concept Check: • 1) How are vital functions such as growth, responsiveness, reproduction, and movement dependent on metabolism? • (help: what does metabolism mean or do) • 2) Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why? Homeostasis: stable internal condition • Your body is constantly trying to regulate itself. The smallest change causes your body to start its regulation process. • Example: change in temperature, blood levels, salt levels, water levels • Regulation- the adjustment in physiological systems to preserve homeostasis • Homeostatic Regulation: • 1) a receptor: part of body sensitive to the change (stimulus) • 2) a control center: receives and processes the information from the receptor, usually the nerves and brain • 3) an effector: responds to the commands of the control center WHEN REGULATION FAILS, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS BEGIN TO MALFUNCTION!! Basic Example Control Center= Thermostat that monitors temperature Receptor= thermometer that takes the temperature and reports back to the control center, sensitive to temperature Effector= heater or air conditioner turns on Temperature control: A variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response. Negative and Positive Feedback Homeostatic Regulation • Negative Feedback: A variation outside of the normal limits that triggers a response that corrects the situation. (opposes it, negates it, brings in back to normal) • Example using thermostat: Thermostat is set for 65 degrees, thermometer reads 75, what happens? (Air conditioner or heat turns on) • Most organisms have normal ranges not one set limit • Positive Feedback: A variation outside of the normal limits that triggers a response that reinforces or heightens the situation, makes it worse. • Example using thermostat: Thermostat is set for 65 degrees, thermometer reads 75, what happens? (Air conditioner or heat turns on) • You mainly see this feedback in dangerous or stressful situations that must be completed quickly. Positive or Negative Feedback? 1) My stomach is growling, so I eat food. 2) I cut myself, so my body produces more blood cells to send to the are of injury. Check point!!!! 1) Why is homeostatic regulation important to humans? 2) Why would positive feedback be unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? 3) What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? In 2007, Kati Mori took part in the London Marathon – her fourth, and the hottest on record, with temperatures peaking at 75 F. Conscious of the repeated advice to maintain fluid intake, she took frequent drinks at the water stations along the route. By the 18th mile, Kati felt bad but was determined to finish, Near the end, she needed help from other runners to stay upright; hours later she was in the hospital, suffering from severe diarrhea, headache, vomiting and increasing confusion, with her legs endlessly mimicking a running motion. “I thought I was still in the marathon,” she says. Essential Question: What happened to Kati Mori at the London Marathon? When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors began to collect information, they discovered that she weighed 128 lbs. Oddly, when she checked in to the race, she weighed 126 lbs. The doctor suggests that Kati might have “hyponatremia.” What do you think that is? In cases of water intoxication, it is extreme hyponatremia that can ultimately cause coma and death. The doctor orders a drug that increases urination. Kati is able to clear the extra water from her body and recovers. How does Kati’s story relate to HOMEOSTASIS? Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati’s situation? Organ Systems 1) Integumentary 2) Skeletal 3) Muscular 4) Nervous 5) Endocrine 6) Cardiovascular 7) Lymphatic 8) Respiratory 9) Digestive 10) Urinary 11) Reproductive Integumentary (SKIN) • MAIN FUNCTION: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature • MAIN ORGANS: ORGAN Function Epidermis Covers surface Hair Follicle Produce hair and oil Sweat Glands Produces perspiration for cooling Nails Protect and stiffen ends of fingers/toes Sensory Receptors Provides sensation of touch/pressure Subcutaneous Layer Stores fat, attaches skin to deeper structures Skeletal • MAIN FUNCTION: Provides support and protects tissues and organs, forms blood • MAIN COMPONENTS: COMPONENT FUNCTION BONES Axial skeleton Skull, ribs, vertebrae (middle) Appendicular skeleton Supports and moves the axial skeleton, limbs (arms and legs) Bone Marrow Makes red and white blood cells Muscular • MAIN FUNCTION: Allows for movement, produces heat • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Skeletal Muscles Axial Muscles Moves Axial skeleton Appendicular Muscles Moves Appendicular Skeleton Tendons Connects muscle to bone Nervous • MAIN FUNCTION: Directs response to a stimuli • MAIN ORGANS: Organ Function Central Nervous System (CNS) Control center that process information Brain Performs complex functions, controls voluntary and involuntary activities Spinal Cord Relays information to and from brain Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Links the CNS with rest of body Endocrine • MAIN FUNCTION: produce and release hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs • MAIN ORGANS: Organs Function Pineal Gland In charged of your sleep patterns (circadian rhythm) Pituitary Gland Regulates growth (HgH) Thyroid Controls metabolic rate Thymus Trains and develops white blood cells (immunity) Adrenal Gland Adjusts water balance, cardiovascular, and respiratory activity Kidneys Controls Red blood cell production and regulates blood pressure Pancreas Regulates blood sugar Cardiovascular • MAIN FUNCTION: Transport of materials (nutrients, cells, waste, and gases) through body • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Heart Pumps blood Blood Vessels Distributes blood through out the body Arteries Carries blood away from heart Veins Carries blood to the heart Blood Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients. Defense against diseases Lymphatic • MAIN FUNCTION: Defends against infection and disease • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Lymph nodes Contain cells that make a immune response Spleen Monitors circulating blood Thymus Trains and develops white blood cells (lymphocytes) Respiratory • MAIN FUNCTION: Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Nasal Cavity (nose) Filters incoming air, detects smell Pharynx Brings air to larynx Larynx Protects opening to trachea, contains vocal cords Trachea Filters air again, traps particles in mucus Lungs Responsible for air movement Alveoli Site of gas exchange between air and blood Digestive • MAIN FUNCTION: processes food and absorbs nutrients • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Salivary Glands Provides lubrication and begins digestion Pharynx Brings solid food and liquids to esophagus Esophagus Delivers food to stomach Stomach Makes acids and enzymes that break down food Small intestine Absorbs nutrients Liver Secretes bile Gallbladder Stores bile for release into the small intestines Large Intestine Absorbs any remaining water and removes fecal material Urinary • MAIN FUNCTION: Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products • MAIN ORGANS: Component Function Kidneys Form urine, regulate ion concentrations Ureters Bring urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder Stores urine until released Urethra Brings urine from bladder to outside body Reproductive (MALE) • MAIN FUNCTION: Produce sex cells (sperm) and hormones • MAIN ORGANS: Organ Function Testes Produces sperm and hormones Epididymis Site of sperm maturation Vas Deferens Brings sperm from Epididymis to prostate Prostate Secretes fluid and enzymes Penis Contains erectile tissue Scrotum Surrounds testes to control their temperature Reproductive (Female) • MAIN FUNCTION: Produce sex cells (eggs) and hormones • MAIN ORGANS: Organ Function Ovaries Produces oocytes (immature eggs) and hormones Uterine tubes Where fertilization happens Uterus Site of embryonic (baby) development Vagina Birth canal, Site of sperm deposit Mammary Glands Produces milk Language of Anatomy • If I said, “this patient has a bump on their back”, what might you ask yourself that would be relevant? • Anatomy has its own language when it comes to referencing a structure, region, location, or movement Anatomical Position (standard) • Anatomical Position: • Standing erect • hands at your side with palms facing forward • and feet together • If in a laying down position: • Face up: supine • Face down: prone Abdominopelvic quadrants • Abdominal/pelvic quadrants are used for describing locations in your lower trunk (below diaphragm) • First draw 2 perpendicular (+) lines through the bellybutton, then left with: • • • • RUQ- right upper quadrant RLQ- right lower quadrant LUQ- left upper quadrant LLQ- left lower quadrant Directional Terms Directional Terms Term Region/reference Anterior/Ventral The front/before Posterior/Dorsal The back/behind Superior Above, toward the head Inferior Below, toward the feet Medial Toward the centerline of body Lateral Away from centerline of body Proximal Toward an attached limb base Distal Away from an attached limb base Superficial Close to body surface Deep Farther from body surface Centerline- imagine a line drawn down the center of your face, chest, and down through the bellybutton Practice/Understanding • 1) The head is more _________ than the belly button. • 2) The finger are more ________ than the elbow. • 3) The knee is more ________ than the foot. • 4) The chin is more _________ than the nose. • 5) The nose is more _________ than the ears. Sectional Anatomy • Planes- slice through a 3-dimensional object (human) 1) Transverse Plane- horizontal cut through body resulting in a top and bottom portion. 2) Frontal Plane- vertical cut through the entire body resulting in a front and back portion 3) Sagittal Plane- vertical cut through the entire body resulting in a left and right portion Check for understanding What plane cut would I use if:…… 1) I wanted to separate my 2 eyes/ left from right 2) I wanted to look down into my brain 3) I wanted my face on one plane and my buttocks on another 4) I wanted my 2 have a palm up side and a back of hand side 5) I wanted to separate my mouth and nose A really sharp pane of glass fell on this unfortunate character. From the movie “Thirteen Ghosts” - What kind of cut is this? What kind of cut is this? Body Cavities and the organ(s) that is in it • 2 Major Cavities that contain the internal organs: • Dorsal body cavity- runs along the…….. of the body • Broken into the cranial cavity(brain) and the spinal cavity (spinal cord) • Ventral body Cavity- found on the …… of the body • Broken into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity…..the Diaphragm (domed shaped muscle) separates the two • Thoracic: separated into a Left and Right pleural cavity (has one of each lung) and a Medial cavity called the Pericardial (has the heart, trachea, esophagus) • Abdominopelvic: separated into the abdominal cavity (has the stomach intestines, spleen, and liver) and the pelvic cavity (has the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum) Membranes • The walls of the cavities are coated with a thin, double layered membrane called the serous membrane. (produces serous or lubricating fluid so when organs rub, no friction or harm) • The body has 3 major serous membranes: • The Pleura Membrane: line the pleural cavity • The Pericardium Membrane: lines the pericardial cavity • The Peritoneal Membrane: lines the abdominopelvic cavity • Each of the 3 Serous Membranes has a Parietal layer and a Visceral layer (remember, double layered) • Parietal: side by cavity • Visceral: side by organ Check for Understanding • 1) As a surgeon, you are performing an invasive procedure where you need to cut through the peritoneum. Are you more likely to be operating on the stomach or the heart? • 2) In which body cavity would you find the following organ or systems? • • • • A) cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems B) Heart and lungs C) stomach and intestines D) brain and spinal cord • 3) What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?