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e m pl Grammar Sa Robin Hood STUDENT BOOK 2 These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Pamela White THIRD EDITION Instructions Welcome to Fix It! Grammar. This year you can enjoy learning grammar by seeing how it works in a real-life story. GET READY Fix Its Grammar Glossary Rewrite Vocabulary e To organize your work, you will need a notebook with four sections. If the book you are holding is already spiral bound, then your notebook will contain just the last two sections: You will also need an envelope or pouch for your grammar review cards, which are located after page 72 and just before the Grammar Glossary section. m pl LEARN IT With your teacher, read through the “Learn It” section for the week. This will show you what you will be looking for that week and for weeks to come. To help you remember and review what you learned, find the grammar card(s) for the week. Keep them in an envelope and lay them all out on the table each time you work on Fix It! so that the information is at your fingertips. FIX IT Each day complete the following tasks. Read Look up the bolded word in a dictionary. Decide which definition best fits the meaning of the word in this sentence. On a separate piece of paper in the vocabulary section of your notebook, write a brief definition (using key words) labeled with the appropriate week. You will add to this list every day. Sa Vocabulary Read the sentence. Day 1 Your teacher will help you mark and fix the first passage. Complete the rewrite after fixing. Days 2–4 Use the abbreviations at the top of the page along with the grammar cards to help you remember how to mark the passage. Your teacher will help you with anything you miss. Remember, a mistake is an opportunity to learn. Rewrite After marking, correcting, and discussing the passage with your teacher each day, copy the corrected passage into a separate notebook so that you end up with a handwritten copy of the complete story. Your teacher can show you an example of the rewrite in the teacher’s book. Be sure to double-space. Do not copy the markings, just the story. Be careful to indent where indicated and use capital letters properly. Carefully copy the punctuation and use end marks. If you are ready, let’s get started! Fix It! Grammar: Robin Hood, Student Book 2 These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! 3 Week 1 Indentation, Capitalization, Articles and Nouns, Who-Which Clauses, and End Marks Be sure to cut out the Week 1 grammar cards located at the back of this book before the Grammar Glossary. Keep them in an envelope so you can reference them as needed. The first card provides the reminders listed on page three of this book. LEARN IT Since this is the first day, there are several things you need to know to get started. But do not worry; they are easy! Read through these few things with your teacher, who will use the Day 1 passage to show you how they work. Indent e In fiction (stories), you should start a new paragraph for these four reasons: new speaker, topic, place, or time. To remind you to indent in your rewrite, add the ¶ symbol or an arrow ( ) in front of the sentence that needs an indent. m pl In stories, the indentation rules are somewhat flexible, so your choice to indent may be different from what is recommended in the teacher book. That is fine! As long as you can explain why your choice fulfills a rule for indentation, you are good to go. Capitalization You will not see any capital letters in your student book sentences. Show where capitals are needed by drawing three short lines directly underneath letters that should be capitalized. In your copy work, be sure to use capital letters where needed instead of those three lines. Rules to remember: Always capitalize the first word of a sentence, even a quoted sentence that falls in the middle of a longer sentence. Always capitalize proper nouns, which are nouns that name specific persons, places, or things. Sa Do not capitalize titles when used alone (like “the king”) but do capitalize them when used with a name (King Arthur). Articles (ar) Use the grammar cards to review the term article. There are only three articles: a, an, and the. Mark them by printing ar over each one. Articles are useful because they signal that a noun is coming. Noun (n) Use the grammar cards to review the term noun. Nouns are things, people, animals, places, and ideas. To determine if a word is a noun, apply the noun test. Print an n above each noun in the passage. Who-Which (w-w) If you have been doing Excellence in Writing, you have likely heard the term dress-ups. Dress-ups are ways of dressing up style in writing by using stronger vocabulary or more complex sentence structure. On Day 4 keep an eye out for the who-which clause. Mark it by writing w-w above the who or which. End Marks Remember that every sentence must have an end mark. They are missing in this week’s sentences. Decide which kind of end mark (period, question mark, or exclamation point) each sentence needs and add it on. 4 Institute for Excellence in Writing These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Week 1 vocabulary ¶ (indent) capitals end marks ( . ? ! ) ar (articles: a, an, the) n (nouns) w-w (who-which) DAY 1 in the olden days of england, king henry the second reigned over the land e DAY 2 robin hood DAY 3 m pl there lived within the green glades of sherwood forest a famous outlaw whose name was no archer that ever lived could shoot a bow and arrow with such expertise as he did DAY 4 he was not alone, either, for at his side were blameless, loyal men, who rambled with him Sa through the greenwood shades Fix It! Grammar: Robin Hood, Student Book 2 These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! 5 Week 8 Main and Dependent Clauses, Clause Starters, Lie versus Lay Cut out the Week 8 grammar cards to help you remember these concepts. LEARN IT Last week you learned how to identify the subject of a sentence by finding the verb, and you put square brackets around the clauses. This week you will learn how to tell the difference between two types of clauses: main and dependent. For each subject-verb pair, you will need to determine if it belongs to a main clause or a dependent clause. Use brackets [ ] to surround main clauses and parentheses ( ) to surround dependent clauses. Here is how you can tell. e Main Clause (MC) Continue to use the abbreviations at the top of the next page and the grammar cards to help you remember how to mark and correct the passage. Your teacher will help you as much as you need. Remember, a mistake is an opportunity to learn. A main clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence. Like all clauses, it must have a subject and a verb. Examples: [Robin Hood stood alone]. [His courageous men stood with him]. m pl Main clauses usually start with a subject or with an article (a, an, the) and/or adjectives plus subject. Sometimes the subject-verb will be switched. Examples: [There gathered around him displaced countrymen]. [Up rose his Merry Men]. If there is a prepositional phrase in the middle or at the end of the clause, include it in the clause. However, if the prepositional phrase comes at the beginning, do not include it. Examples: [Robin perched in the sycamore tree]. In the tree [Robin was safe]. To help you see the main clauses, label them MC. Dependent Clause (DC) A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It looks like a main clause, but one or more words in front of it turn the main clause into something that leaves us hanging. Place the dependent clause in parentheses ( ) and label it DC. Sa A who-which clause is one example of a dependent clause. It cannot stand alone. Examples: (which displayed great courage) or (who sang like a bird). Clause Starters (cl) There is another list of words that can be used to start a dependent clause. The words are when, while, where, as, since, if, although, because. To help you remember the list, use the acronym www.asia.b. www.asia.b Officially, these words are called subordinating conjunctions because they begin a subordinate clause, but you do not have to worry about the terminology. For now, just learn the list of words. There are more words that can be added to that list, but this is a good start. Mark the www.asia.b word with a cl and put parentheses around the clause. Label the clause DC. Usage: lie/lay 18 It is important to learn when to use lay and when to use lie (in the sense of lying down, not telling a lie). You lie yourself down; you lay down an object. Thus, a character might lie down, but he will lay down his weapons. You can lie on the couch but lay your book on the table. It is tricky because the past tense of lie is lay, but the past tense of lay is laid. Keep the grammar card for this handy, and practice in the Fix Its. Institute for Excellence in Writing These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Week 8 vocabulary ¶ (indent) capitals homophones and usage commas ( , ) end marks ( . ? ! ) quotation marks ( “ ” ) cc adj ly prep S S/w-w V cl (www.asia.b) MC (Main Clause) [put MCs in brackets] DC (Dependent Clause) (put DCs in parentheses) e DAY 1 robin hood lay / laid in hiding in sherwood forest for one year as he adroitly prepared his DAY 2 m pl new life while he was gaining valuable hunting skills, there / their / they’re gathered around him many others who were displaced, to / two / too DAY 3 Sa some men who were famished had shot deer in wintertime when they could obtain to / two / too little food for there / their / they’re families DAY 4 although the foresters had discovered them in the act, they had narrowly escaped, thus saving themselves Choose the single strongest verb, adjective, and -ly adverb from the week. Fix It! Grammar: Robin Hood, Student Book 2 These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! 19 Week 28 No New Concepts LEARN IT There are no new concepts this week. See if you can answer the questions below. If not, check your grammar cards for the answers. 1. Name the coordinating conjunctions. (Hint: the reminder acronym is FANBOYS.) 2. What is the comma rule for two verbs combined with a coordinating conjunction? 3. What words can be handy for combining sentences that share a common noun? (Hint: this is a dress-up.) e Do you remember what these vocabulary words mean? If not, look them up in your vocabulary list in the back of your notebook. thatching shrewd dexterous inflamed smote thwacked m pl hairsbreadth Sa happenstance 58 Institute for Excellence in Writing These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Week 28 vocabulary ¶ (indent) capitals homophones and usage commas ( , ) end marks ( . ? ! ) quotation marks ( “ ” ) cc prep cl S S/w-w V [MC] (DC) (AC) #1 MC #2 prep #3 -ly #5 AC #6 vss DAY 1 e Think about whether to start a new paragraph when Robin addresses Will Stutely. Also, at the end of this passage, Robin is not finished speaking. robin accepted the challenge. i will stoop to you as i have never stooped to man DAY 2 m pl before. friend stutely cut down a white piece of bark 4 fingers tall and wide nail it fourscore yards distant on yonder white oak. if stranger you hit that target then / than you can dub yourself an archer DAY 3 Sa aye, i surely will strike the mark answered he hand me a stout bow and a straight broad arrow. if i hit it not thrash me blue with bowstrings DAY 4 In your rewrite, combine the first two sentences with a which clause. he chose a bow and a straight shaft. it was well feathered and smooth. he stepped up to the mark with alacrity Choose the single strongest verb, adjective, and -ly adverb from the week, but do not choose the first word of any sentence. Fix It! Grammar: Robin Hood, Student Book 2 These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! 59 indent ¶ New speaker ¶ New topic ¶ New place ¶ New time articles ar w-w who-which clause a / an / the e m pl Sa Fix It Read the sentence. Look up the bolded word in a dictionary and add the key word definition to your notebook. On Day 1, mark and fix the first passage with your teacher. After fixing, complete the rewrite. (See the back side of this card for rewrite instructions.) On Days 2–4: Use the abbreviations at the top of the student page and the grammar cards to help you remember how to mark and correct the passage. Your teacher will help you with anything you miss. Remember, a mistake is an opportunity to learn. capitals The squire called, “Make way for King Arthur, the king.” nouns n These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Sa Week 1 Week 1 Use “which” for things and “who” for people. A who-which clause usually describes the noun (the thing) that comes immediately before it. Who-Which Clauses (w-w) Week 1 the ________; a/an ________ Can an article come in front of it? Is it countable? two ________ To determine if a word is noun, apply these two tests, which work best for objects and animals: Nouns are things, people, animals, places, and ideas. Nouns (n) When a letter should be capitalized, draw three lines under the letter as an indicator. e Do not use capitals for titles like king and princess when they are not used with a name. E.g., the king versus King Arthur. Use a capital letter for proper nouns such as names. Articles always set up a noun. When you see an article, a noun is sure to follow, although sometimes a describing word may come in between, as in “a small dwarf.” Week 1 Use a capital letter for the first word of sentences, including the first word of quoted sentences. Capital Letters Remember to use capital letters properly. Carefully copy the corrected punctuation and use end marks. Do not copy the markings, just the story. m pl Week 1 Be sure to double-space and indent where indicated. Copy the corrected passage into a separate notebook. Rewrite It Articles are easy because there are only three of them: a, an, the Articles (ar) new speaker new topic new place new time In stories, we start a new paragraph for four reasons: To remind you to indent, use a ¶. Indent Rules pronouns pr I, me, you he, him, she, her, it we, they, them e m pl coordinating conjunctions cc FANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so I need this, that, and the other thing. commas with items in a series Sa end marks ?!. verbs vb Verb test: I will ______________ Yesterday I ________________ usage its / itis its = possessive it’s = it is These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Sa Week 2 Week 2 singing, laughing, and giggling quickly, fiercely, and angrily Advanced: Can apply to phrases and other parts of speech: Do not use a comma when the cc joins only two items: this and that Three or more items in a series take commas: this, that, and the other thing Put the comma before the cc. Commas with Items in a Series They eat mushrooms, but they don’t eat cabbages. He can leap over the book and out the door. She likes cats or dogs. Week 1 e it’s = it is, think itis. To remember that His, hers, and its do not use an apostrophe. Be careful with possessive pronouns! Usage: its / it’s Week 2 Helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been (be verbs, which can also be linking verbs) have, has, had do, does, did may, might, must, ought to would, will, could, can, should, shall Action verbs express action (as in chop, budge, confide) or ownership (as in have, possess, own). Verbs Week 2 Use an exclamation mark (!) at the end of an exclamatory statement (Stop that man!) and some interjections (Hey!). Use a question mark (?) for questions. Use a period (.) for statements. End Marks m pl Week 2 Coordinating conjunctions connect together two or more of the same types of words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating Conjunctions (cc) I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, they, them Here is a list of pronouns to look for: Personal pronouns refer back to some person or thing recently mentioned and substitute for that person or thing. Pronouns (pr) “quotations” The old woman asked, “Would you like an apple?” ly -ly adverb Sa then / than usage “Why don’t you take one,” coaxed the old lady, “and see for yourself?” The young lady replied, “They do look lovely. I would take one, but I was told not to accept gifts from strangers.” e m pl homophones and usage there / their / they’re to / two / too commas with NDAs Stand, Robin Hood! adjectives adj These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Week 5 When they do, they can count as the -ly adverb dress-up. Many adverbs end in -ly. Adverbs usually modify verbs or adjectives and answer the questions how, when, or where. -ly Adverbs (ly) The deer were more than sixty yards away. Week 4 Week 4 Week 3 Week 4 The ___________ pen To determine if a word is an adjective, apply this test: Adjectives are descriptive words that describe (or modify) nouns and pronouns. Usually they come before the noun they modify (the useful pen), but they can come after a linking verb (it is useful). Adjectives (adj) At your turn, Robin, you will hit the bull’s-eye. e How are you, fair maiden? Boy, fetch me an arrow. NDAs: Nouns of Direct Address are set off with commas. Two = 2 To is the preposition: to the right; to the store. It is also the “to + verb” form of a verb: to rush; to seize. m pl Then Robin Hood slipped into the forest. Examples: than = a comparison term then = immediately afterward or next Commas with NDAs to, two, too Use they’re for the contraction meaning they are. Use their for ownership, something belonging to people. Use there to indicate a place (here or there). Usage: then / than there, their, they’re Too = also or too much. It is easy to remember because it has one too many o’s! Sa Week 3 When you copy quotations, pay attention to the punctuation and copy it exactly. Enclose what someone says in quotation marks but not narration that sets up a quotation. When the speaker continues with more than one sentence, do not add close quotes until the end of his speech. Sometimes a speech will cover more than one day’s assignment. Commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks. If narration interrupts a speech, use commas on both sides of the interruption. Commas “hug” the word they follow—that is, they come right next to it—not the word after them. Quotations “ ” subject S e m pl 1. Find the verb. 2. Ask, “Who or what is doing the action?” 3. Mark it with an S. clause starters cl www.asia.b words when, while, where, as, since, if, although, because The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase. #2 Prepositional (#2 prep) The sentence begins with a main clause. #1 Subject Opener (#1 MC) sentence openers Sa prepositions prep prep + noun (no verb) clause: subject-verb [Main Clause] MC Can stand alone as a sentence (Dependent clause) DC Cannot stand alone as a sentence Usually starts with who-which, that, or www.asia.b usage lie / lay Someone lies himself down but lays down an object. The past tense of to lie is the same as the present tense of to lay. These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Sa Week 7 Week 8 #2 Prepositional Opener (#2 Prep) Starts with a preposition + noun and does not have a verb. Example: #2 Prep In the tree [Robin was safe.] #1 Subject Opener (#1 MC) Usually starts with a subject or an article. There can be adjectives too. Examples: [#1 MC Robin Hood stood alone.] [#1 MC His courageous men stood with him.] The subject-verb can be inverted. Examples: [#1 MC There gathered around him displaced countrymen.] [#1 MC Up rose his Merry Men.] Sentence Openers These words start a group of words that have a subject and verb but cannot stand alone as a sentence. when, while, where, as, since, if, although, because www.asia.b: Week 8 Since who or which is usually the subject of its clause, label it with both an S and a w-w. The easiest way to identify subjects is to find the verb first and then ask, “Who or what is doing this action?” That is the subject. Mark subjects with a capital S. Clause Starters (cl) aboard about above according to across after against along amid among around as aside at because of before behind below beneath beside(s) between beyond by concerning Prepositions despite down during except for from in inside instead of into like minus near of off on, onto opposite out outside over past since through throughout Week 8 to toward under underneath unlike until up upon with within without Week 5 I had laid the book on the table. (past participle) Yesterday I laid the book on the table. (past) I will lay the book on the table. (present) Someone lays down an object. The three main verb forms: I had lain down. (past participle) Yesterday I lay down. (past) I will lie down. (present) Someone lies himself down. The three main verb forms: Usage: lie / lay Week 8 Dependent clause pattern: Usually starts with who-which, that, or a clause starter (www.asia.b). e Main clause pattern: Usually starts with a subject or an article. There can be adjectives too. Examples: [Robin Hood stood alone.] [His courageous men stood with him.] The subject-verb can be inverted. Examples: [There gathered around him displaced countrymen.] [Up rose his Merry Men.] Include the prepositional phrase unless it comes at the beginning. Examples: [Robin perched in the sycamore tree.] In the tree [Robin was safe.] Clause: subject-verb m pl Saying that a noun is a subject identifies how it functions in that sentence. Not all nouns and pronouns function as a subject. Subjects are nouns or pronouns that perform a verb action. Subject commas with adjectives before nouns e m pl Coordinate adjectives need commas: dewy, silent leaves. You can insert and between them or reverse their order. Cumulative adjectives do not take commas: one fair morn. You cannot insert and between them or reverse their order. commas with adverb clauses MC AC AC, MC one or two words First, second, third ... numbers Sa sentence openers #3 -ly Adverb Opener (#3) The sentence begins with an -ly adverb. #5 Clausal Opener (#5 DC) The sentence begins with a www.asia.b word and has a subject-verb pair. sentence openers #1 subject #2 prepositional #3 -ly adverb #5 clausal (www.asia.b) #6 vss (2-5 words) commas with cc’s Yes: MC, cc MC one, two, and three No: MC cc 2nd verb one and two These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! These are Sample Pages for preview only! Copyrighted Materials! Sa Week 12 Week 24 Spell out all ordinal numbers (first, second, third…), which are numbers that show an order or progression. Example: The second sister was permitted to rise to the surface. Spell out numbers that can be written in one or two words. Use figures for other numbers. Example: The younger of his two daughters had racked up one thousand text messages on her cell phone in a single month! Numbers Week 10 e Do not use commas before cc’s when they join two items in a series (not MCs) Example: fine gardens and wide lawns. two verbs with one subject (MC cc 2nd verb) Example: He bowed and walked away. Use commas before cc’s when they join two main clauses (MC, cc MC) Example: The arrow struck him, and he toppled forward with a cry. three or more items in a series (a, b, and c). Example: He ran to the window, opened it, and vaulted out. Commas with cc’s Weeks 18 and 19 #1 Subject Usually starts with a subject or an article. There can be adjectives too. The subject-verb can be reversed. #2 Prepositional Starts with a preposition + noun and does not have a verb. #3 -ly Adverb Begins with an -ly adverb. #5 Clausal (www.asia.b) Begins with a clause starter: when, while, where, as, since, if, although, because. Must have a subject-verb pair. Begins a dependent clause. #6 vss (Very Short Sentence) 2–5 words. Must include a subject and a verb and stand alone as a complete sentence. Sentence Openers Week 13 #5 Clausal Opener (#5 DC) This opener begins with a www.asia.b word (when, while, where, as, since, if, although, because), creating a dependent clause. #3 -ly Adverb Opener (#3) Whenever a sentence begins with an -ly adverb, mark it with a #3. Add a comma after the -ly adverb if it needs a strong pause. Examples: Surely Robin would not miss! Certainly, Robin hit the bull’s-eye. Sentence Openers m pl Week 14 There are two comma rules to remember when it comes to adverb clauses. Always use commas after #5 clausal openers, even if they are short. Example: #5 When he finished, they thanked their old friend. If the adverb clause is not at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is usually not needed. Example: Meet me if you dare. Simply watch the patterns: Main Clause Adverb Clause (MC AC) Adverb Clause comma Main Clause (AC, MC) Commas with Adverb Clauses Coordinate adjectives each describe the noun independently. With cumulative adjectives, the last adjective pairs with the noun as a unit; the adjective before that describes the adjective-noun pair. Ask: Can you reverse their order and they sound right? Can you add and between them? If either or both tests work, the adjectives are likely coordinate and will need a comma between them. If they fail the test, they are likely cumulative adjectives. Be sure not to put a comma between the last adjective and noun. Commas with Adjectives Before Nouns