Download 6th period chapter 2 notes Tab 1: New Ideas and

6th period chapter 2 notes
Tab 1: New Ideas and Nations
1. Background
a. Europe was divided into small kingdoms
b. Catholic Church ruled all of them
c. Afraid of losing Holy Land
i. 1095 Crusades Europeans go to the Holy Land
d. Interest in travel to Asia grows due to Marco Polo
2. Growth of Trade
a. Merchants sold goods from Asia
b. People wanted to buy spices, silk, perfumes, precious stones etc.
c. Merchants sent goods over seas
d. Arab merchants charged a lot for the goods
e. Europeans were looking for a better trade route in order to cut out the Arab merchants
3. Growth of Ideas
a. Powerful spirit of interest in art, science and philosophy in the Italian states
b. Asia made Italian merchants wealthy
c. Italians wanted to improve their knowledge
i. Studied Ancient Greek and Romans
ii. Wrote about the individual
4. Renaissance
a. Art became something that people studied and wanted to do
b. Renaissance means rebirth
c. Began learning about classical Greek and Romans
d. Lasted 2 centuries across Europe
e. Changed the way Europeans thought of themselves and the world
f. Paved the way for exploration
5. Powerful Nations Emerge
a. Merchants and bankers sought greater profits
b. 1400’s states merged into monarchies of France, Spain, England and Portugal
c. Strong merchants began to take power in Spain
d. Armies replaced local lords
e. Wanted to buy goods from the East directly…so began exploring
Tab 2: Technology’s Impact
1. Technology Advances
a. Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical uses
b. Paved the way for European exploration
c. Printing press made it easier to distribute books—more people have them now
d. Marco Polo’s Travels published in 1477 which contributed to better knowledge
2. Better Maps and Instruments
a. Map makers improved their skills
b. Better instruments were developed for navigating the seas
c. A Chinese invention, the magnetic compass, began being used in Europe
d. 3 masted caravel made it possible for sailors to sail in shallower waters and also to be out of
sight of land
Tab 3: Seeking New Trade Routes
1. Seeking New Trade Routes
a. Columbus sailed for Spain but Portugal was the first European power to explore the boundaries
of the known world
b. Didn’t realize how big the oceans really were
c. Portuguese hoped to find a more direct way to get West African gold
2. Early Portuguese Voyages
a. Prince Henry the Navigator
i. He didn’t explore on his own
ii. Created a school of navigation where sailors, explorers, geographers, mathematicians
and mapmakers all gathered to create more accurate maps and information about the
world
3. Vasco de Gama
a. First Portuguese explorer to reach India
b. Makes big semi-circular sweeps through the Atlantic Ocean and leaves sight of land for long
amounts of time (96 days which was a record)
4. Bartholomeu Dias
a. Explores the southern most tip of Africa
b. Sails into the Indian Ocean
c. Blown off course and discovers the Cape of Good Hope
5. Portuguese Trading Empire
a. Traded with Africa for gold and ivory
b. Traded with India for spices, porcelain, etc.
c. Made annual trading voyages
Tab 4: Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
1. Background
a. Had a different plan to reach Asia—sail west
b. Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451
2. Viking Voyages
a. Sailed to Iceland, Greenland in the 800-900’s
b. Stayed in Vineland for a bit but no permanent settlement
3. Spain Backs Columbus
a. Spain getting wealthy from trading
b. Queen Isabella agrees to pay for Columbus’s exploration trip on 2 conditions
i. Spread Christianity wherever he goes
ii. She got half of everything he found (riches)
4. Columbus’s First Voyage
a. August 3, 1492, left with 3 ships, 90 sailors each
b. Crossed an unknown and unmapped ocean
5. Tierra! Tierra!
a. On October 12, 1492 at 2:00 am a look out saw land—Islands
6. Columbus’s Later voyages
a. 3 more voyages
b. Explored the Caribbean Islands of Hispanola, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica
c. Sailed the coast of Central America
7. Dividing the World
a. Spain and Portugal go to the Pope to divide the world between them
b. Pope creates the Line of Demarcation which is an invisible line running from the North Pole to
the South Pole
c. Spain takes the land west of the line and Portugal takes all the land East of the line
8. Exploring America
a. Amerigo Vespucci—first to declare the Americas as continents which is why they’re named
after him
b. Vasco Nunez de Balboa hiked across Panama and was the first to see the Pacific Ocean
9. Sailing Around the World
a. In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan named the Pacific Ocean
b. Frist to circumnavigate
Tab 5: Explorers and Conquests
1. Background
a. Spanish explorers left to find riches and wealth
b. These explorers, conquistadors, received grants that allowed them to establish settlements and
explore in the Americas if they gave what they found to the Spanish crown
2. Cortes Conquers the Aztec
a. Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519
b. Brought more than 500 soldiers, horses and cannon to conquer the Aztec
c. Made alliances with those the Aztec had conquered
d. In 1521 takes over the Aztec when Montezuma (emperor) is killed
3. Pizarro Conquers the Inca
a. Went looking for the Inca with 180 soldiers
b. In 1532 captured and executed Atahualpa (Incan emperor) and then took control of Incan
Empire