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Modern World History Judaism ISRAEL► Origins of the Hebrews • Jews – modern name for the people descended from the Hebrews • There religion is called Judaism • Different names of the Hebrew homeland: – Canaan in ancient times – Judea under Roman rule – Palestine afterwards – Israel today Central Hebrew Beliefs • Abraham – Father of the Hebrew people; led them from Mesopotamia to Canaan • Abraham promised to obey Yahweh (Hebrew name for the one and only God who had power over all people and was not a physical being) • Torah – first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible – the most sacred writings of the Jews • Monotheism – belief in one God Hebrews in Egypt • Hebrews went to Egypt to avoid drought and famine • At first they were treated well, but eventually they became enslaved by the Egyptian pharaoh • Moses led the Hebrews away from Egypt • On the way to their homeland he brought the 10 Commandments from God carved in stone down from Mt. Sinai Prophets and Ethical Monotheism • Prophets – religious teachers who believed they had been chosen as messengers to reveal God’s will to his people – Taught that people had a duty to worship God and to live justly with one another • Ethical Monotheism – worship of one god and an emphasis on right conduct – Basis for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Hebrew Kingdoms • From 1020 to 922 BC the Hebrews united under 3 able kings • This is the longest period of power and independence that the Hebrews (Jews) have ever known • Saul – chosen as king for his success driving out the Philistines (ancient people of Palestine) from the region • David – (Saul’s son-in-law who succeeded him) established Jerusalem as the capital city and founded a dynasty for the Hebrew kingdom King Solomon • Solomon – the son of David became the strongest of the Hebrew kings • Created a rich trading empire with the king of the Phoenicians to the north • He built a temple in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant (10 Commandments) • Other building projects made Jerusalem a great city, but required high taxes and 3 months forced labor a year Hebrew Kingdom Splits • After Solomon’s death a rebellion against the high taxes and forced labor split the kingdom into two – Israel in the north – Judah in the south • Assyrians forced both kingdoms to pay tribute to them • North eventually fell to the Assyrians • South held out for another 150 years Babylonian Captivity • The southern Hebrew kingdom of Judah fell to the Babylonians in 586 BC • The Babylonians destroyed the temple of Solomon and forced many of the survivors into exile to Babylon (known as the Babylonian Captivity) • 50 years later the Persians defeated the Babylonians were defeated by the Persians • The Persians allowed the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild their temple • Hebrews were unable to win their independence again and fill under the control of different empires Jewish People Under Roman Rule • As Romans took control of the Jewish kingdom, they made it their own province of Judea • Zealots were those who wanted to rid their homeland of the Romans • Other group believed a Messiah (savior) would come and restore the kingdom of the Jews Romans expel Jews from Judea • 133-135 A.D. a Jewish rebellion is crushed by the Romans and the Jews are expelled from their homeland called Judea • The movement of the Jews to new areas following this defeat is known as the Diaspora The Diaspora • Map shows where Jews settled after being kicked out of Judea by the Romans • Jews became minorities where they settled and were discriminated against