Download Modern World History Judaism

Modern World History
Judaism
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Origins of the
Hebrews
• Jews – modern name for
the people descended
from the Hebrews
• There religion is called
Judaism
• Different names of the
Hebrew homeland:
– Canaan in ancient
times
– Judea under Roman
rule
– Palestine afterwards
– Israel today
Central Hebrew
Beliefs
• Abraham – Father of the
Hebrew people; led
them from
Mesopotamia to Canaan
• Abraham promised to
obey Yahweh (Hebrew
name for the one and
only God who had
power over all people
and was not a physical
being)
• Torah – first 5 books of
the Hebrew Bible – the
most sacred writings of
the Jews
• Monotheism – belief in
one God
Hebrews in Egypt
• Hebrews went to Egypt
to avoid drought and
famine
• At first they were treated
well, but eventually they
became enslaved by the
Egyptian pharaoh
• Moses led the Hebrews
away from Egypt
• On the way to their
homeland he brought the
10 Commandments from
God carved in stone
down from Mt. Sinai
Prophets and Ethical Monotheism
• Prophets – religious teachers who
believed they had been chosen as
messengers to reveal God’s will to
his people
– Taught that people had a duty
to worship God and to live
justly with one another
• Ethical Monotheism – worship of
one god and an emphasis on right
conduct
– Basis for the religions of
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Hebrew Kingdoms
• From 1020 to 922 BC the
Hebrews united under 3 able
kings
• This is the longest period of
power and independence that
the Hebrews (Jews) have ever
known
• Saul – chosen as king for his
success driving out the
Philistines (ancient people of
Palestine) from the region
• David – (Saul’s son-in-law who
succeeded him) established
Jerusalem as the capital city
and founded a dynasty for the
Hebrew kingdom
King Solomon
• Solomon – the son of David
became the strongest of the
Hebrew kings
• Created a rich trading
empire with the king of the
Phoenicians to the north
• He built a temple in
Jerusalem to house the Ark
of the Covenant (10
Commandments)
• Other building projects
made Jerusalem a great city,
but required high taxes and
3 months forced labor a year
Hebrew Kingdom Splits
• After Solomon’s death a
rebellion against the high
taxes and forced labor split
the kingdom into two
– Israel in the north
– Judah in the south
• Assyrians forced both
kingdoms to pay tribute to
them
• North eventually fell to the
Assyrians
• South held out for another
150 years
Babylonian
Captivity
• The southern Hebrew kingdom of
Judah fell to the Babylonians in 586
BC
• The Babylonians destroyed the
temple of Solomon and forced many
of the survivors into exile to Babylon
(known as the Babylonian Captivity)
• 50 years later the Persians defeated
the Babylonians were defeated by
the Persians
• The Persians allowed the Hebrews to
return to Jerusalem to rebuild their
temple
• Hebrews were unable to win their
independence again and fill under
the control of different empires
Jewish People
Under Roman Rule
• As Romans took control
of the Jewish kingdom,
they made it their own
province of Judea
• Zealots were those who
wanted to rid their
homeland of the Romans
• Other group believed a
Messiah (savior) would
come and restore the
kingdom of the Jews
Romans expel Jews from Judea
• 133-135 A.D. a Jewish rebellion is crushed by the
Romans and the Jews are expelled from their homeland
called Judea
• The movement of the Jews to new areas following this
defeat is known as the Diaspora
The Diaspora
• Map shows where Jews settled after being
kicked out of Judea by the Romans
• Jews became minorities where they settled
and were discriminated against