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Download Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation
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Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation What can you learn from art? Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Middle Ages had war and suffering from the plague Church taught Christians to endure suffering while awaiting reward in heaven People began to question Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy’s Advantages Renaissance – explosion of creativity in art, writing and thought that lasted from 1300 to 1600 Wanted a return to classical Greek and Roman era New styles of art, literature and values Spread from Italy throughout Europe 3 reasons for Renaissance in Italy 1. Thriving cities – trade from crusades and higher wages from fewer workers 2. Wealthy merchant class – merchants dominated politics through merit, not birth, individual achievement became important Medici family (banking) 3. Greek and Roman heritage Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Humanism – focused on human potential and achievements and didn’t link thoughts to church teachings History, literature and philosophy studied Can enjoy life without offending God (goods, food, clothing and music) Secular – worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now Some church leaders live in mansions and wore lavish clothes Patrons – financially support artists Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Renaissance man – excelled in many fields and studied many subjects (charming, witty, dance, sing, play music, well read, and write poetry) Renaissance woman – well educated but not to seek fame, inspire, but not create art, not involved in politics Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Art Perspective – three dimensions on a flat surface Realistic paintings and sculptures Leonardo Da Vinci – painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Writers Vernacular – native language instead of Latin Wrote about self-expression or individuality Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Writers Vernacular – native language instead of Latin Wrote about self-expression or individuality The Northern Renaissance By 1450 population was growing again in Europe Merchant class grew and ideas spread to Northern Italy and elsewhere War in Italy forced writers and artists to move north into Europe Artists focused on realism in the north Flanders has many artists who paint with oil and make clothing and jewelry The Northern Renaissance Writers were humanists and critical of the church not inspiring people. They promoted education for all even though girls were shortchanged Erasmus wrote of Christianity of the heart not of ceremonies and rules. Thomas More, Utopia, an ideal place with no war, corruption or greed The Northern Renaissance Elizabethan Age Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Spoke 5 languages Wrote poetry and music while promoting the arts William Shakespeare Greatest playwright of all time Great use of language and emotion Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear and A Midsummer Night’s Dream The Northern Renaissance Printing press by Johann Gutenberg spreads ideas (1444) and Bible (1455) More info. available cheap Increased desire for learning and literacy Published accounts of new discoveries and maps Published legal proceedings and laws Renaissance idea of dignity of the individual gave rise to democratic ideals as people began to question society Luther Leads the Reformation By 10th century Catholic church dominates life in N and W Europe People began criticizing church practices Church authority was challenged Printing press helped spread ideas negative to the church Chart on page 488 Criticisms included: corruption, lavish spending, infidelity, poorly educated priests, marrying, drinking and gambling Luther Leads the Reformation Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher who wanted to be a good Christian 95 Theses – formal statements attacking church practices Johann Tetzel raised money through indulgences (pay for a pardon of sins) which gave the impression that you could buy your way into heaven. Posted on church door in Wittenberg, Luther’s ideas were spread by the printing press Reformation – a movement for religious reform in opposition to the Catholic church’s teachings Luther Leads the Reformation Luther’s Teachings Win salvation by faith in God’s forgiveness Teaching based on the Bible not the pope or church traditions All people with faith were equal Response to Luther Luther was excommunicated and burned the pope’s decree Luther declared an outlaw and heretic by the king Established a separate group called the Lutherans Peasants revolt based on Luther’s works and are crushed (100,000 dead) Protestant comes from protesting princes CHART PAGE 491 Peace of Augsburg allows princes to decide religion of territory after a war Luther Leads the Reformation England becomes Protestant Henry VIII wants a male heir and wanted to divorce 42 year old Catherine for a younger bride Church law did not allow divorce and annulment wasn’t an option Henry has parliament change the law, divorces then marries Ann Boleyn and has himself made head of the English church Ann beheaded after giving birth to Elizabeth. Next wife Jane has son Edward and dies. Henry married 3 more times. Edward King at 9 reigned 6 years, then Catherine who returned to Catholic church and executed Protestants Luther Leads the Reformation Queen Elizabeth I 1558 Catherine dies and Elizabeth becomes queen She restores Protestantism and establishes the Anglican church Priests can marry and sermons were in English Catholics try to overthrow her and she faces other threats A shortage of money also challenged her rule The Reformation Continues John Calvin (Calvinism) French follower of Luther More personal faith and congregants have control over church Institutes of Christian Religion Men and women sinful by nature and God chooses who can be saved (predestination) Theocracy – government controlled by religious leaders The Reformation Continues Other Protestant Reformers Protestants – Bible is the source of all religious truth Anabaptists – baptized a 2nd time when old enough to decide to be Christians Separation of church and state Women had influence, but church duties were limited as they were to serve in the home The Reformation Continues The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) Millions still remained Catholic and a movement occurred to keep Catholics loyal Ignatius of Loyola and Popes Paul III and Paul IV were reformers Jesuits – founded schools, converted non-Christians to Catholicism and stop the spread of Protestantism Council of Trent Church interpretation of the Bible was final Needed faith and good works for salvation. (Luther = faith alone) Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful Indulgences had to be appropriate but were still valid The Reformation Continues Book burnings occur of certain books selected by the Catholic church Reformation set the stage for the modern world Protestant churches and denominations flourished Catholic church became more unified Education became more important with schools, colleges and universities being founded Status of women in church and society did not change Monarchs gain power and nation states arise Set the framework for the Enlightenment in late 1700s (Chapter 22)
