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Name: ____________________________________________ Period: ____ Date: ______________ ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY The first chapter gives the student an overview of the general organization of the human body. It presents the definitions of anatomy and physiology, and demonstrates the relationship between structure and function. The students are introduced to the structural levels of the body beginning with chemicals, and progress through cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The general functions of the eleven principal body systems are also described along with the basic life processes. Characteristics of anatomical position, names for body regions, directional terms, planes and sections of the body, body cavities, abdominopelvic regions and quadrants are among the topics covered. Considerable emphasis is placed on homeostasis, stress, and feedback systems. The role of the endocrine and nervous systems in controlling homeostasis is examined, while the regulation of blood pressure and blood sugar levels are used as examples to demonstrate the negative feedback system. OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define anatomy and physiology. Describe the structural organization of the human body. Explain how body systems relate to one another. Define the important life processes of humans. Define homeostasis and describe its importance. Describe the components of a feedback system, and compare the mechanisms of negative and positive feedback. 7. Describe some of the effects of aging. 8. Describe the anatomical position. 9. Identify the major regions of the body. 10. Define the directional terms, and the anatomical planes. ASSIGNMENTS 1. Read Chapter 1; pages 1-19. 2. Complete this packet as you read and listen to classroom lectures or discussions. 3. Choose two of the four ‘Critical Thinking Applications’ on page 16 of this packet to do, provide your answers on a separate sheet of paper and attach it to this packet. 2 Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Focus on Wellness…DID YOU KNOW? (Pages 1 and 14) 1. What health habits have you developed over the past several years to prevent disease or enhance your body’s ability to maintain homeostasis? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain how your health habits help to maintain homeostasis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ I. Anatomy and Physiology Defined OBJ: Define anatomy and physiology 1. Define anatomy: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define physiology: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Give an example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ II. Levels of Organization and Body Systems OBJ: Describe the structural organization of the human body. Explain how body systems relate to one another. 1. What are the six levels of organization of the human body? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what each level of organization is structurally composed of. a. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3 b. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ e. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ f. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The body systems have a relationship between them that allows them to work together to maintain which three essential life functions? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.1; Page 3: Which level of structural organization usually has a recognizable shape and is composed of two or more different types of tissues? __________________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ system, and organism. Atom: __________________________________________________________________________________ Molecule: __________________________________________________________________________________ Cell: __________________________________________________________________________________ Tissue: __________________________________________________________________________________ Organ system: __________________________________________________________________________________ Organism: __________________________________________________________________________________ Referring to Table 1.1, which of the body systems help eliminate wastes? Be sure to list them all. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ III. Life Processes OBJ: Define the important life processes of humans. 1. List and briefly describe the six important life processes of humans? 4 a. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: What types of movement can occur in the human body? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits OBJ: Define homeostasis and explain its importance. Describe the components of a feedback system. Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. 1. Define homeostasis: ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is homeostasis important? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5 A. Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems 3. How are the nervous and endocrine systems critical to maintaining homeostatic balance? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Define a feedback system. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. What is a controlled condition? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the three parts of a feedback system: a. receptor________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b. control center________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c. effector________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Negative Feedback Systems 2. Positive Feedback Systems 7. Contrast the functions of negative and positive feedback systems. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B. Homeostasis and Disease 8. Explain the relationship between a human bodies’ ability to maintain homeostasis and disease. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6 Figure 1.3; page 9: What would happen to the heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different? Similar: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Different: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Contrast and give examples of symptoms and signs of a disease. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Aging and Homeostasis OBJ: Describe some of the effects of aging. 1. Describe some of the physical effects of aging upon the human body. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: What is meant by aging? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7 V. Anatomical Terms OBJ: Describe the anatomical position. Identify the major regions of the body and relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical terms for various parts of the body. Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to locate parts of the human body. 1. Define anatomical position: ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ A. Names of Body Regions 2. Label the five major anatomical positions of the body on the diagram below using the common names and anatomical terms (where applicable) for each specific body region. a. b. c. d. e. 3. Describe below what each of these five major body regions consists of: a. ________________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.4; page 11: Where is a plantar wart located? __________________________________________________________________________________ 8 B. Directional Terms 4. Define directional terms: ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Define the following directional terms: a. Superior: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Inferior: ________________________________________________________________________ c. Anterior: ________________________________________________________________________ d. Posterior: ________________________________________________________________________ e. Medial: ________________________________________________________________________ f. Lateral: ________________________________________________________________________ g. Proximal: ________________________________________________________________________ h. Distal: ________________________________________________________________________ i. Superficial: ________________________________________________________________________ j. Deep: ________________________________________________________________________ k. Ventral: ________________________________________________________________________ l. Dorsal: ________________________________________________________________________ 6. In four-legged animals define how each of the directional terms below are used: a. Anterior: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Ventral: ________________________________________________________________________ c. Posterior: ________________________________________________________________________ d. Dorsal: ________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.5; page 13: Is the radius proximal to the humerus? _______Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? _________ Are the ribs superficial to the lungs? ____Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon? ____ Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon? _____ 9 CHECKPOINT: Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and the shoulder, (2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the heart and the diaphragm? (1) _____________________________________________ (2) _____________________________________________ (3) _____________________________________________ (4) _____________________________________________ C. Planes and Sections 7. The parts of the human body are studied in four major imaginary planes that pass through body parts: sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane. The sagittal plane is further divided into subdivisions. Describe the location of each of these planes and the subdivisions below: a. Sagittal plane: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 10 i. Midsagittal plane: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ii. Parasagittal plane: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Frontal plane: ________________________________________________________________________ c. Transverse plane: ________________________________________________________________________ d. Oblique plane: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.6; page 15: Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions? __________________________ Figure 1.7; page 15: Which plane divides the brain into equal right and left sides; the transverse plane, frontal plane, or midsagittal plane? ________________________________ 11 CHECKPOINT: Explain why descriptive anatomical positions are used. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ For each directional term defined in item number 5 on page 9 of this packet, provide your own written example using the terms in relation to body parts. a. Superior: ________________________________________________________________ b. Inferior: _________________________________________________________________ c. Anterior: ________________________________________________________________ d. Posterior: _______________________________________________________________ e. Medial: _________________________________________________________________ f. Lateral: _________________________________________________________________ g. Proximal: _______________________________________________________________ h. Distal: __________________________________________________________________ i. Superficial: ______________________________________________________________ j. Deep: __________________________________________________________________ k. Ventral: _________________________________________________________________ l. Dorsal: __________________________________________________________________ VI. Body Cavities OBJ: Describe the principle body cavities and the organs they contain. Explain why the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into regions and quadrants. 1. Define body cavities: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ A. Dorsal Body Cavity 2. Describe the dorsal body cavity and the two main areas it consists of. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ B. Ventral Body Cavity 3. Describe the ventral body cavity and the two main areas it consists of. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12 4. Name and describe the three smaller cavities of the thoracic cavity. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Name and describe the two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ C. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 6. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using nine regions) and name its nine regions (one method of explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using quadrants) and name the quadrants (another method of explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.8; page 16: In which cavities are the following organs located (thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic): Urinary bladder ___________________________ Lungs ___________________________ Stomach ________________________________ Thymus _________________________ Heart ___________________________________ Spleen __________________________ Small intestine ___________________________ Liver ____________________________ Internal Female Reproductive Organs __________________________________ 13 Figure 1.9; page 17: Which of the following structures are contained in the mediastinum: right lung, heart, esophagus, spinal cord, aorta, left pleural cavity? Refer back to page 16; figure 1.9 to ascertain where the mediastinum is pictured in the diagrams below. __________________________________________________________________________________ Spinal cord Figure 1.10; page 18: In which of the nine abdominopelvic regions is each of the following found: most of the liver ___________________________________________ ascending colon ___________________________________________ urinary bladder ____________________________________________ appendix _________________________________________________ 14 Figure 1.11; page 19: In which abdominopelvic quadrant would the pain from appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) be felt? __________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Critical thinking applications: 1. Taylor was going for the playground record for the longest upside-down hang from the monkey bars. She didn’t make it and may have broken her arm. The emergency technician would like an x-ray film of Taylor’s arm in the anatomical position. Use the proper anatomical terms to describe the position of Taylor’s arm in the x-ray film. 2. Imagine that a manned space flight lands on Mars. The astronaut life specialist observes lumpy shapes that may be life forms. What are some characteristics of living organisms that may help the astronaut determine if these or life forms or mud balls? 3. Guy was trying to impress Jenna with a tale about his last rugby match. “The coach said I suffered a caudal injury to the dorsal antecubital in my groin.” Jenna responded, “I think either you or your coach suffered a cephalic injury.” Why wasn’t Jenna impressed by Guy’s athletic prowess? 4. There’s a special fun-house mirror that hides half of your body and doubles the image of your other side. In the mirror, you can do amazing feats, such as lifting both legs off the ground. Along what plane is the mirror dividing your body? A different mirror in the next room shows your reflection with two heads, four arms, and no legs. Along what plane is this mirror dividing your body? 16