Download Chp 1: Organization of the Human Body

Name: ____________________________________________
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Date: ______________
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
The first chapter gives the student an overview of the general organization of the human body. It
presents the definitions of anatomy and physiology, and demonstrates the relationship between
structure and function. The students are introduced to the structural levels of the body beginning
with chemicals, and progress through cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The general functions
of the eleven principal body systems are also described along with the basic life processes.
Characteristics of anatomical position, names for body regions, directional terms, planes and
sections of the body, body cavities, abdominopelvic regions and quadrants are among the topics
covered. Considerable emphasis is placed on homeostasis, stress, and feedback systems. The role
of the endocrine and nervous systems in controlling homeostasis is examined, while the
regulation of blood pressure and blood sugar levels are used as examples to demonstrate the
negative feedback system.
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define anatomy and physiology.
Describe the structural organization of the human body.
Explain how body systems relate to one another.
Define the important life processes of humans.
Define homeostasis and describe its importance.
Describe the components of a feedback system, and compare the mechanisms of negative
and positive feedback.
7. Describe some of the effects of aging.
8. Describe the anatomical position.
9. Identify the major regions of the body.
10. Define the directional terms, and the anatomical planes.
ASSIGNMENTS
1. Read Chapter 1; pages 1-19.
2. Complete this packet as you read and listen to classroom lectures or discussions.
3. Choose two of the four ‘Critical Thinking Applications’ on page 16 of this packet to do,
provide your answers on a separate sheet of paper and attach it to this packet.
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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body
Focus on Wellness…DID YOU KNOW? (Pages 1 and 14)
1. What health habits have you developed over the past several years to prevent disease or
enhance your body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
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2. Explain how your health habits help to maintain homeostasis.
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I.
Anatomy and Physiology Defined
OBJ: Define anatomy and physiology
1. Define anatomy:
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2. Define physiology:
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CHECKPOINT:
What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology?
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Give an example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.
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II. Levels of Organization and Body Systems
OBJ: Describe the structural organization of the human body.
 Explain how body systems relate to one another.
1. What are the six levels of organization of the human body?
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2. Explain what each level of organization is structurally composed of.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________
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b. ___________________________________________________________________________
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c. ___________________________________________________________________________
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d. ___________________________________________________________________________
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e. ___________________________________________________________________________
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f.
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3. The body systems have a relationship between them that allows them to work together to
maintain which three essential life functions?
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Figure 1.1; Page 3:
Which level of structural organization usually has a recognizable shape and is composed of two or
more different types of tissues?
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CHECKPOINT:
Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ system, and organism.
Atom:
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Molecule:
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Cell:
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Tissue:
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Organ system:
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Organism:
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Referring to Table 1.1, which of the body systems help eliminate wastes? Be sure to list them all.
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III. Life Processes
OBJ: Define the important life processes of humans.
1. List and briefly describe the six important life processes of humans?
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a.
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b.
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c.
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d.
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e.
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f.
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CHECKPOINT:
What types of movement can occur in the human body?
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Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits
OBJ: Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
 Describe the components of a feedback system.
 Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
1. Define homeostasis:
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is homeostasis important?
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A. Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems
3. How are the nervous and endocrine systems critical to maintaining homeostatic
balance?
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4. Define a feedback system.
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5. What is a controlled condition?
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6. Explain the three parts of a feedback system:
a. receptor________________________________________________________________________
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b. control center________________________________________________________________________
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c. effector________________________________________________________________________
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1. Negative Feedback Systems
2. Positive Feedback Systems
7. Contrast the functions of negative and positive feedback systems.
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B. Homeostasis and Disease
8. Explain the relationship between a human bodies’ ability to maintain homeostasis and
disease.
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Figure 1.3; page 9:
What would happen to the heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would
this occur by positive or negative feedback?
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CHECKPOINT:
What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system?
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How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different?
Similar:
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Different:
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Contrast and give examples of symptoms and signs of a disease.
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IV. Aging and Homeostasis
OBJ: Describe some of the effects of aging.
1. Describe some of the physical effects of aging upon the human body.
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CHECKPOINT:
What is meant by aging?
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V. Anatomical Terms
OBJ: Describe the anatomical position.
 Identify the major regions of the body and relate the common names to the corresponding
anatomical terms for various parts of the body.
 Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to locate parts of the
human body.
1. Define anatomical position:
______________________________________________________________________________
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A. Names of Body Regions
2. Label the five major anatomical positions of the body on the diagram below using the
common names and anatomical terms (where applicable) for each specific body region.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Describe below what each of these five major body regions consists of:
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________
d. ________________________________________________________________________
e. ________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1.4; page 11:
Where is a plantar wart located?
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B. Directional Terms
4. Define directional terms:
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5. Define the following directional terms:
a. Superior:
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b. Inferior:
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c. Anterior:
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d. Posterior:
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e. Medial:
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f. Lateral:
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g. Proximal:
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h. Distal:
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i. Superficial:
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j. Deep:
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k. Ventral:
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l. Dorsal:
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6. In four-legged animals define how each of the directional terms below are used:
a. Anterior:
________________________________________________________________________
b. Ventral:
________________________________________________________________________
c. Posterior:
________________________________________________________________________
d. Dorsal:
________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1.5; page 13:
Is the radius proximal to the humerus? _______Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? _________
Are the ribs superficial to the lungs? ____Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon? ____
Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon? _____
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CHECKPOINT:
Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and the
shoulder, (2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the heart and
the diaphragm?
(1) _____________________________________________
(2) _____________________________________________
(3) _____________________________________________
(4) _____________________________________________
C. Planes and Sections
7. The parts of the human body are studied in four major imaginary planes that pass through
body parts: sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane. The sagittal
plane is further divided into subdivisions. Describe the location of each of these planes and
the subdivisions below:
a. Sagittal plane:
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i.
Midsagittal plane:
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ii. Parasagittal plane:
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b. Frontal plane:
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c. Transverse plane:
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d. Oblique plane:
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Figure 1.6; page 15:
Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions? __________________________
Figure 1.7; page 15:
Which plane divides the brain into equal right and left sides; the transverse plane, frontal plane, or
midsagittal plane? ________________________________
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CHECKPOINT:
Explain why descriptive anatomical positions are used.
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For each directional term defined in item number 5 on page 9 of this packet, provide your own
written example using the terms in relation to body parts.
a. Superior: ________________________________________________________________
b. Inferior: _________________________________________________________________
c. Anterior: ________________________________________________________________
d. Posterior: _______________________________________________________________
e. Medial: _________________________________________________________________
f.
Lateral: _________________________________________________________________
g. Proximal: _______________________________________________________________
h. Distal: __________________________________________________________________
i.
Superficial: ______________________________________________________________
j.
Deep: __________________________________________________________________
k. Ventral: _________________________________________________________________
l.
Dorsal: __________________________________________________________________
VI. Body Cavities
OBJ: Describe the principle body cavities and the organs they contain.
 Explain why the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into regions and quadrants.
1. Define body cavities:
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A. Dorsal Body Cavity
2. Describe the dorsal body cavity and the two main areas it consists of.
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B. Ventral Body Cavity
3. Describe the ventral body cavity and the two main areas it consists of.
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4. Name and describe the three smaller cavities of the thoracic cavity.
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5. Name and describe the two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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C. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
6. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using nine regions) and name its nine regions (one
method of explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs).
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7. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using quadrants) and name the quadrants (another
method of explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs).
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Figure 1.8; page 16:
In which cavities are the following organs located (thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic):
Urinary bladder ___________________________
Lungs ___________________________
Stomach ________________________________
Thymus _________________________
Heart ___________________________________
Spleen __________________________
Small intestine ___________________________
Liver ____________________________
Internal Female Reproductive Organs __________________________________
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Figure 1.9; page 17:
Which of the following structures are contained in the mediastinum: right lung, heart, esophagus,
spinal cord, aorta, left pleural cavity? Refer back to page 16; figure 1.9 to ascertain where the
mediastinum is pictured in the diagrams below.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Spinal cord
Figure 1.10; page 18:
In which of the nine abdominopelvic regions is each of the following found:
most of the liver ___________________________________________
ascending colon ___________________________________________
urinary bladder ____________________________________________
appendix _________________________________________________
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Figure 1.11; page 19:
In which abdominopelvic quadrant would the pain from appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix)
be felt?
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Critical thinking applications:
1. Taylor was going for the playground record for the longest upside-down hang from the monkey
bars. She didn’t make it and may have broken her arm. The emergency technician would like an
x-ray film of Taylor’s arm in the anatomical position. Use the proper anatomical terms to
describe the position of Taylor’s arm in the x-ray film.
2. Imagine that a manned space flight lands on Mars. The astronaut life specialist observes lumpy
shapes that may be life forms. What are some characteristics of living organisms that may help
the astronaut determine if these or life forms or mud balls?
3. Guy was trying to impress Jenna with a tale about his last rugby match. “The coach said I
suffered a caudal injury to the dorsal antecubital in my groin.” Jenna responded, “I think either
you or your coach suffered a cephalic injury.” Why wasn’t Jenna impressed by Guy’s athletic
prowess?
4. There’s a special fun-house mirror that hides half of your body and doubles the image of your
other side. In the mirror, you can do amazing feats, such as lifting both legs off the ground.
Along what plane is the mirror dividing your body? A different mirror in the next room shows
your reflection with two heads, four arms, and no legs. Along what plane is this mirror dividing
your body?
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