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Sentence patterns: An Introduction Sentences in the English language fall into nine patterns determined by the presence and functions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The patterns are most easily classified according to the type of verb used: 1. Verbs of being patterns (1, 2, 3) use a form of the verb to be as the main verb in the sentence. {is are was were has been have been had been} 2. Linking verbs patterns (4, 5) use one of the linking verbs as the main verb in the sentence. adjective { smell The linking verb is followed by a noun or functioning taste look as feel a seem subjective become complement. appear grow} 3. Action verbs patterns (6, 7, 8, 9) use one of the many action verbs as the main verb in the sentence. The action verb may be either transitive (take a direct object) or intransitive (not take a direct object). {see jump embrace write imagine buy plummet think etc.} There are certain Terms used to identify various parts of each sentence pattern including: NP = noun phrase This abbreviation refers to a headword noun and its modifiers ("noun phrase") functioning as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, or objective complement. NP1, NP2, NP3, etc. = designations for different noun phrase functions Numbers in sequential order are used with each NP to designate its difference from or similarity to other NPs before and after it. V-be = verb of being LV = linking verb V- int = intransitive verb V- tr = transitive verb ADV/TP = adverbial of time or place ADJ = adjective What is more., there are five important components in a sentence which are: 1. SUBJECT (S) Definition : To get ‘S’ ask the question ‘Who?’ before the verb: Nancy slept well (Here “Nancy” - Subject) The child broke the glass (Here “The child” - Subject) Subject (S) consists of nouns or pronouns occurs before a verb 2. VERB (V) Definition : In every sentence, the most important word is the verb. A verb shows action or activity or work done: He is a doctor (“Be” form verb) Jems wrote a letter (Main verb) The baby is crying (auxiliary verb + Main verb) Verb (V) consists of (a) auxiliaries (b) finite verbs (a) Auxiliaries {am, is, are ,was, were} {has, have, had} {does, do, did} Modals : can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must Semi-modals / Quasi Modals : dare to; need to; used to; ought to (b) Finite verbs - denote action {talk, sing, write, make, dance, play, cook, leave, teach, …} - verbs occur after the subject - verbs occur before the object 3. OBJECT (O) Definition : To get the object ‘O’ ask the question ‘What’ or ‘Whom’. ‘What’ is for things and ‘Whom’ is for human beings which may be nouns or pronouns: He bought a pen (a pen = Object) He handles the computer (computer = Object) I saw him (him = Object) Object (O) - consists of nouns or noun phrases or noun clauses (a) Do SV - direct object - answers the question ‘what’ O (what) I likes animals (b) IO - indirect object - answers the question ‘whom’ e.g. SV IO (whom) DO I Gave Rosy a pen 4. COMPLEMENT (C) Definition : The words required to complete the meaning of a sentence are called Complement of the sentence. e.g. S V He Is C a dentist She became a journalist It Grew dark Complement (C) - from the word ‘complete’ - completes the meaning in the sentence - without it the, meaning is incomplete - without it the, meaning changes occurs in two pattern. (i) S V C pattern. (ii) S V O C pattern (i) In S V C pattern, the complement C - complements the subjects - tells about the subject - without it the, meaning changes - without C, the sentence is incomplete or the sentence changes its meaning - use to be forms, grew, became, seems for verb e.g. S V C They are players She was angry It seems absurd (ii) In S V O C pattern - the complement tells about the object - the complement and object are of the same person or thing e.g. S V O C They called David a genius I found her crying They elected Michel leader Types of Complement 1. Subject Complement Definition : The complement which expresses the quality or identity or condition of the subject is called Subject Complement. e.g. She is a doctor She looks sad 2. Object Complement Definition : The complement which expresses the quality or identity or condition of an object is called Object Complement. e.g. They made her angry She called him a liar Adjunct or Adverbial Definition : To get ‘A’ ask the question why, when, where or how. The use of adverbial is optional whereas complement is essential. It has adverb phrase, adverbial clause, noun-phrase and prepositional phrase. e.g. Why? (reason) When? (Time) Where? (Place) How? (Manner) due to cold now, later here, there by bus / cycle through floods after 2 years every where through efforts in the sky by mixing under compulsion when young Carefully in the morning at home by hard work