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Unit 5: Reproduction Name: Aim #33 Mitosis: What is Mitosis? I. Date: Mitosis Overview What is cell division? What must a cell do BEFORE it divides by mitosis? ________________________ of one cell into _______ The DNA of the cell must be ______________________ exactly. This ensures that the offspring will _____________________ all of the genetic information from the ____________________ What is Mitosis? The process by which a cell’s genetic material ____________________, creating __________ ____________________ sets of the cell’s genetic material. What does Mitosis produce? When does Mitosis occur and which organisms perform Mitosis? II. Two cells that have a ___________ set of ______________________ genes and chromosomes that allows them to function properly. ______________________________ Organisms (bacteria, amoeba, yeast, mold) use mitosis for ______________________ reproduction. ______________________________ organisms (humans, mammals) use mitosis for _________________ and for cell replacement and _______________ Important Vocabulary/Structures Long threadlike network of DNA (looks like spaghetti) in the nucleus. This is how the DNA exists before chromosomes become visible A thick structure that contains DNA (there are 46 in each human cell) The result of a chromosome copying itself before cell division (resembles an “X – two chromosomes placed together). It consists of two sister chromatids Site that attaches the chromatids together A network of fibers (strings) that pull chromosomes apart during cell division Organelles in animal cells that move to opposite ends of the cell and form the spindle fibers III. Cell Cycle Life cycle of a dividing cell Cell Cycle What are the stages of the cell cycle? ______________________: Stage of DNA duplication and cell growth. __________________: Process of cell division ____________________: Cytoplasm divides in half resulting in 2 daughter cells Which is the longest stage/which stage takes up most of the cell’s life? Why? __________________________. This is when the cell is growing, duplicating its DNA, making ATP and preparing for the division process. 1. Is interphase a part of mitosis? _________________ 2. Is cytokinesis a part of mitosis? ________________ 3. What are the phases of mitosis? ________________ _________________ ________________ ________________ 4. What type of reproduction is mitosis? INTERPHASE What are the stages of Interphase? 1. The cell ________________ 2. The chromosomes are ________________________ 3. A __________ of each chromosome is made 4. EX: A human cell has 46 chromosomes. A copy of each chromosome is made a. A chromosome looks like this b. A duplicated chromosome looks like this A cell with a complete set of chromosomes in pairs is called a DIPLOID CELL. This is represented by 2n. One division of a cell makes TWO IDENTICAL diploid cells. PROPHASE: Mitosis Phase 1 se Spindle forming mitosis! What are the stages of Prophase? (PREPARE) 5. ___________________ become visible e to opposite d the spindle 6. ______________________begin to form es into 7. Nuclear envelope starts to ______________________ pe breaks down. Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) METAPHASE : Mitosis Phase 2 Metaphase What are the stages of Metaphase? (MIDDLE) Centriole 8. _______________________ chromosomes line up in the osomes line up middle of the cell. _________________ of the cell 9. Spindle fibers connect to the ______________________ of e fibers coming from ntrioles attach to mere of each me. each duplicated chromosome aphase = MIDDLE”! Spindle ANAPHASE: Mitosis Phase 3 What are the stages of Anaphase? (APART) Anaphase ter chromatids separate dividual chromosomes. Individual chromosomes 10. _________________________ chromosomes get Ste ___________________________ by the spindle fibers and p4 :T •C e h romosomes en rom continue tolo ds have until os moved to ph dis they o o posite tinpoles m f ase ct the es sh c e ga th a l re pulled apart by the e, which begins to shorten pe l an er Onaphase = APART”! . d l at ne os op e t po ar o w n he sit u un cl ir e so d e ear me a c e TELOPHASE: s. h g nve ro lo up pe of s TW begin to move to _______________________ ends of the cell Mitosis Phase 4 What are the stages of Telophase? (TEAR) 11. Chromosomes spread out to _________________________ O (ce lls )” ends of the cell ! 12. _____________ new _______________________________ form around each group of chromosomes CYTOKINESIS What are the stages of Cytokinesis? (CUT) okinesis is, the es in half, aughter cells ell has an s = CUT” 13. The cytoplasm _____________________ in half (for animal cells) forming __________ new daughter cells 14. Each daughter cell has its own __________________ and an _____________________ set of chromosomes and DNA How is cytokinesis different in animal and plant cells? Plant Cells Animal Cells Rigid ______________________ Have a flexible ____________________________ Instead of pinching, a _____________________ forms Cell _____________________ at the middle and the at the center of the cell (like walls separating rooms) cell ________________ in half Questions & Practice 1. How many divisions are in mitosis? ____________________ 2. How many cells are created? __________ 3. Compare the chromosomes and the genetic makeup of the daughter cells to the parent cell: ______________________ 4. If a cell with 22 chromosomes underwent mitosis, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have? _________ 5. How many times does the DNA replicate during mitosis? ________________ 6. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle and why? 7. Identify which stage of mitosis each lettered plant cell is in: A) _________________________ B) _________________________ C) _________________________ D) _________________________ E) _________________________ Vocabulary Practice Matching: match the term to the description. Some will be used more than once or not at all. A. Prophase B. Interphase D. Metaphase C. Telophase E. Anaphase _____ 1. The sister chromatids are moving apart. _____ 14. What phase occurs after mitosis _____ 2. The nuclear envelope begins to disappear _____ 15. During what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles? _____ 3. A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes. _____ 4. The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided. _____ 5. The chromosomes become invisible. _____ 6. The chromosomes are located in the middle of the cell. _____ 16. What is the phase where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes? _____ 17. What is the name of the structure that connects the two chromatids? _____ 18. In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called? _____ 7. The cytoplasm pinches in half _____ 8. The chromatids are moving towards the poles of the cell. _____ 9. The spindle is formed. _____ 10. After this phase, cytokinesis occurs _____ 19. What structure forms in prophase which helps the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell _____ 20. Which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together? _____ 21. Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non-dividing cell? _____ 11. The cell plate is formed. _____ 12. Chromosomes are replicated _____ 13. The first phase of mitosis _____ 22. What forms across the center of a cell near the end of telophase? _____ 23. The period of cell growth and development between mitotic divisions? _____ 24. There are 46 of these condensed structures in every human body cell Diagram Practice 8) Identify the phases of mitosis for lines 1-4: Label them telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase Label the structures for lines A-D: Label them sister chromatids, centromere, spindle, fibers, centrioles