Download unit 9 evolution chapter 15 darwin`s theory of evolution module

UNIT 9 EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 15 DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
MODULE
Below is a picture of the Galapagos tortoise.
1.When did Darwin return to England? How long was the
Beagle’s voyage?
2. Upon his return, what did Darwin discover about many of the
specimens that he brought back (mockingbirds, finches,
tortoises, marine iguanas, etc.)?
3. Each island species resembled a similar species on the ______
________________ mainland.
Below is a picture illustrating the “selective breeding”.
11. Darwin had no idea of how ___________
worked.
12. What causes heritable variation in organisms?
13. In _______________ selection, humans select
from among the naturally occurring genetic
____________ in a species.
14. How did the 5 vegetables, to the left, come
into existence?
The picture below illustrates the “struggle for existence”.
15. After devising the idea of artificial
selection, what was his next insight?
16. How does the picture to the left
represent the “struggle for existence”?
17. How does the picture to the left illustrate
“Darwinian fitness”?
18. Describe a few adaptations that improve their
“fitness” of these lions.
19. The concept of ______________ is central to the
process of evolution.
20. Discuss how the picture to the right could be used to
illustrate the concept of “survival of the fittest”.
21. What is “natural selection”?
22. How does “natural selection” differ from “artificial selection”?
23. What would be considered the “adaptation” in this scenario?
24. What is actually being “selected for” with reference to natural selection?
24. What happens to the population of beetles in this scenario?
Below is a graph representing “descent with modification”.
25. Which two species of elephants are still in
existence today (not extinct)?
26. Using this graph, describe the concept of
“descent with modification”.
27. Descent with modification implies that all
living organisms are _____________ to one
another.
The diagram below illustrates the concept of “common descent”.
28. How does this diagram illustrate “common descent”?
29. This concept is what Darwin called the “______ of life”.
30. Darwin argued that life had been evolving on Earth for
___________ of years.
31. What four forms of evidence support Darwin’s theory of
evolution?
Below is a diagram of the finches found on the Galapagos Islands (Darwin Finches).
41. List two variations that are
noticeable in these finches.
42. Why is the finch at the bottom
called the “common ancestor”?
43. How did Darwin explain the
similarities, yet differences
between these finches?
Below is a diagram illustrating the concept of “geographical distribution”.
44. Is the environment that these two organisms
occupy similar?
45. What is different about these two organisms
(hint: method of birth)?
46. Do these two organisms descent from the
same ancestor?
47. How did Darwin explain this phenomenon?
Below is a diagram representing the forelimbs for four different mammals.
48. What are homologous structures?
49. How are they used as evidence for evolution?
49. How are these structures similar?
50. How are they different?
51. In what way do homologous structures help
biologists?
Below is a diagram showing the human intestinal tract.
52. Which anatomical structure, in this picture, is
“vestigial”?
53. What does it mean to be “vestigial”?
54. Why are vestigial organs inherited?
55. List three other vestigial organs found in other
organisms or humans.
Below are diagrams showing the embryological development of several different organisms.
56. How are embryological homologies
(embryological development) evidence for
evolution?
Below is an image showing the vast variation in humans.
9. What are the two main sources of genetic
variation?
10. A mutation is any change in a sequence
of __________.
11. Do mutations always affect an
organism’s phenotype? Give an example.
12. What role do mutations play in
evolution?
13. Most heritable differences are due to
gene ______________ that occurs during
the production of _______________.
14. How many different combinations of
genes can be produced in human gametes?
15. What are the 3 causes of genetic
variation due to gene shuffling (hint: think
back to the genetics unit)?
Below is a set of graphs illustrating three ways natural selection can affect the distribution of
phenotypes.
Using the fur color of mice as an
example, explain the following:
23. Directional selection
24. Diversifying (Disruptive) selection
25. Stabilizing selection
Below is a scenario of “genetic drift”.
26. What is “genetic drift”?
27. What size of population does
this concept operate on?
28. What specific “effect” does this
scenario explain?
29. How is this “effect” a form of
genetic drift?
Below is a scenario of the “Hardy-Weinberg Principle”.
30. What does the Hardy-Weinberg
principle state?
31. What percentage of the cats are
heterozygous black?
32. What percentage of the cats are
homozygous recessive white?
33. Explain how the frequency of the
dominant allele is 0.6 (or 60%).
31. If a population is at “Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium (or Genetic Equilibrium), is it evolving?
Below is a list of the five conditions that are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation
to generation.
32. Familiarize yourself with all five
conditions and the explanation of each
in the textbook.
33. If one of these conditions is not
met, then what is occurring in the
population being studied?
Below is picture of two different squirrel species living in the Grand Canyon area.
34. What is “speciation”?
35. Two organisms of the same species
must be able to do what?
36. What are the 3 modes of
“reproductive isolation”?
36. Which mode of “reproductive
isolation” is illustrated by the squirrel
story to the left?